r%ivr 


VNlVFAlHirY  or  OALIFOKNIA 
C()I  -yCiV  OF  AlRICM/ri^RE 

r^iM-     s  or  Agronoaiv 

fARM    MANAOijeJ!:^..!' 


NOTI..S  OF 

METH0]:)S  AND  COSTS 

CALIFORNIA  CROP  PRODUCTION 

■<VITJi 

TABLES  SHOWING 

"vVork  Cayaeity  of  Farm    ..l^chiues;    Day's  Work  for  Man 

and  CieT;  Costs  of  Hauipmcui,  Implements,  Building 

and  Fencing  Material;  Bate 

of  Depreciation 


«-N 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT    LOS  ANGELES 


'      •  •       • 


■:r-  INDEX 

Page 

ALFALFA,      Methods ^-  1 

Costs 3 

ALMONDS,     Methods  4 

Costs — 6 

APPLE,          Methods  7 

Costs 9 

APRICOT,      Methods - 10 

Costs ~ 12 

ASPARAGUS,  Methods 14 

Costs  16 

BARLEY,   Methods - 17 

Costs 18 

• 

BEAMS,  (BLACK  EYES) 

Methods ' 19 

Costs 21 

BEANS,  (PIMKS,  LARGE  'ffllTES,  SliALL  fffllTES, 
BAYOS) 

Methods 22 

Costs  24 

■  BEANS,  (LIMA) 

Methods 25 

Costs 27 

BEANS,  (TEPARY) 

Methods 23 

Costs 30 

CABBAGE,  Methods  31 

Costs 33 

f                               CHERRY,   Methods -  34 

-                    Costs 36 

CORN,  (INDIAN) 

Methods 38 

^                    Costs  40 

I  3i-2792 

I  ■  Uniferdf  ^1)alifornla 

H  Withdrawn 


HO 


INDEX,    CONTINUED- 

Page 

COTTON,          Methods 41 

Costs 42 

COWPEAS,   (See  Beans-  Blackeyes) 

EGYPTIAN  CORN,  (See  Sorghum-  non-saccharine) 

FIG,       Methods 43 

Costs 45 

GRAPE, (RAISIN) 

Methods 46 

Costs 48 

GRAPE,  (TABLE) 

Methods 49 

Costs 51 

GRAPE,  (WINE) 

Methods  53 

Costs 55 

HAY,  (FROM  CULTIVATED  CEREALS) 

Methods 56 

Costs 58 

HAY,  (FROM  VOLUNTEER  CEREALS; 

Methods 59 

Costs 61 

HOPS  ,      Methods 62 

Costs 64 

LEMON,     Methods - -  65 

Costs 67 

OATS,              Methods 68 

Costs 69 

OLIVE,     Methods - 70 

Costs 72 

ONION,            Methods - 73 

Costs 74 

ORANGE,          Methods - 75 

Costs 78 


INDEX,  co::ti;jued  - 

Page 

PEACH,   Methods  79 

Costs - -  81 

PEAR,    Methods-- 83 

Costs —  85 

PEAS,    Methods 37 

Costs - -  89 

PLUM,    Methods  - 90 

Costs - - 92 

POTATOES, Methods - 93 

Costs 95 

PRUNE,   Methods 96 

Costs 98 

RICE,          Methods   — - 99 

Costs 101 

SORGHUM,  Methods - 102 

Costs - 104 

STOCK  BEETS, 

Methods 105 

Costs 106 

SUGAR  BEETS, 

Methods 107 

Costs 109 

SWEET  POTATOES, 

Methods - HO 

Costs 111 

TOMATO^  Methods - 112 

Costs 113 

WALNUT,  Methods 114 

Costs 116 

WHEAT,   Methods - - 117 

Costs -  119 


INDEX,  CONTINUFD  - 

Page 

WORK  CAPACITY  OF  FARM  MACHINES--- 120 

RULES  FOR  DETERMINING  WORK  OF  IMPLEMENTS 123 

A  DAY'S  WORK  PER  MAN 124 

A  DAY'S  WORK  PER  CREW - 127 

ANNUAL  AMOUNT  OF  WORK  REQUIRED  TO  CARE 

FOR  LIVE  STOCK 129 

COSTS  OF  BUILDING  MATERIALS - 130 

COSTS  OF  FENCING  - 133 

COSTS  OF  FARM  IMPLEMENTS 135 

COSTS  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  EQUIPMENT  137 

ANNUAL  RATE  OF  DEPRECIATION  OF  FARM 

MACHINERY - -  140 


Acknov/ledgment 


To   list  those  to  whora  grateful  acknowledgment  is  due 
for  reviewing  data,    checking  costs,    and    for  valuable   suggestions, 
would   result   in  a   formidable  array  of  names  ranging  thru  growers, 
fieldmen,    markatmen ,    farm  advisers,   horticultural  commissioners 
and  members  of  the  College   of  /.griculture   of  the  University  of 
California. 

All  are  entitled  to   recognition  and  an  expression  of 
deep  appreciation   for  the  aid  ro  cheerfully  given.        In  many  in- 
stances much  time,    effort  and  care  was  unstintedly   forthcoming. 

FolloT-ing  the  collection  of  the   original  data,    the   re- 
quirements   for  grov;th  and  costs   of  production  have  been  checked 
and   rechecked  to  the  extent  of  over  300  times    for  requirements  and 
nearly  300  times    for  ccsts. 

The  data  herewith  presented   represents  the    final   summary 
of  all  ?/ho   have  v/orked  v/ith  me   in  its  compilation. 


R.   L.   Adams 


PREFACE 

In  using  the  data  contained  in  these  pages,  one  should  constantly 
bear  in  mind  the  following  facts. 

(1)  The  statements  covering  the  requirements  for  crop  production 
and  the  methods  employed  are  statements  of  present  practice  in  commercial 
production.   They  are  not  designed  to  indicate  what'  should  be  done,  but 
rather  what  is  being  done  by  men  specializing  in  these  crops. 

(2)  The  statement  of  methods  is  included  primarily  to  illuminate 
the  cost  data  by  shov/ing  the  means  employed  to  produce  the  crop  v/hich  results 
in  costs  as  given. 

(3)  As  commercial  production  is  largely  confined  to  an  environ- 
ment well  adapted  to  the  crop,  the  statement  of  soil,  climate  and  water  tends 
to  approach  the  best  possible  conditions  available  in  the  State,  or  at  least 
conditions  v/hich  past  experience  on  the  part  of  grov/ers  has  indicated  as 
specially  suited  to  the  crop  under  discussion. 

(4)  The  cost  data  is  a  general  estimate  of ' present  costs,  secured 
by  a  wide  inquiry  into  operations  and  expense.   The  cost  data  is  not  the  re- 
sult of  a  detailed  survey. 

(5)  The  facts  and  figures  presented  are  offered  merely  as  a  poss- 
ible guide  to  the  prospective  inexperienced  farmer  who  needs  a  starting  point. 
It  will  give  some  idea  of  possible  returns'  and  capital  required  to  carry  on 

a  given  business  under  usual  conditions  where  the  crop  is  grown  commercially. 

(6)  One  should  understand  fully  that  no  one  set  of  figures  will 
apply  to  all  conditions  and  tliiese  can  only  be  taken  as  indicatire. 

(7)  The  data  is  confined  entirely  to  California  conditions. 

(8)  The  classification  of  yields  into  good  and  usual  indicates 
v/hat  it  is  possible  to  obtain.  The  average  is  not  given  since  it  conveys 
but  little  real  information.  It  should  be  understood,  however,  that  of  100 
growers  producing  commercially,  probably  not  more  than  7  or  8  will  secure 
good  yields  year  in  and  year  out.  Thirty  to  50  will  fall  into  the  usual 
class.  The  remaining  produce  yields  either  better  than  good  or  less  than 
the  usual . 

(9)  The  cost  data  includes  use  of  implements.   It  does  not  include 
depreciation  of  stock,  improvements,  or  equipment,  or  cost  of  management. 


(10)  Taxes  and  insurance  are  based  on  the  producing  value  of 
the  land  classified  as  average  and  good  land.   They  include  all  equipment 
and  improvements  necessary  for  the  carrying  on  o f  the  business. 

(11)  "Age  to  self-sustaining  crop"  refers  to  period  v/hen  crop 
receipts  are  sufficient  to  pay  operating  expenses. 

(12)  Prices  given  under  "Value  of  Land"  are  governed  by  sales 
and  not  by  the  producing  power  of  the  land  in  the  crop  specified. 

(13)  "Market  Value  of  Yield"  is  the  price  farmer  receives  at 
shipping  point. 


(Read   preface) 

REQUIREMENTS  AND  IJETHODS  OF  GROV/ING  ALFALFA 


Perennial 


Time  to  Maturity  -  1  year  (1st  cutting  about  6  r.onths  from  planting) 
Life  -  12  years,  (range  2-30  years) 

Soil  Requirements  - 

Surface  :  Wide  range  from  clay  to  fertile  sand.  Level,  loose,  open 

loamy  soil  best. 
Subsoil  :  Continuous,  deep,  well  drained,  even  in  texture. 
Depth   :  5  feet  or  more.   Should  be  alkaline  in  reaction  emd  contain 

nodule- forming  bacteria. 


Climatic  Requirements- 
Water  Requirements- 
Calendar  of  Operations- 


Grov/n  almost  generally  over  California.  Long  grow- 
ing season  preferred. 

30"   (rainfall  or  irrigation)  or  more. 


Varieties:-   Common  (Chili) 

Seeded   ;   Seed  tested  for  germination  and  purity  (especially  for 

dodder) 
Time  :   Fall  -  October  or  November,  or  spring  -  January  15  - 

April  1,  when  no  danger  from  severe  frosts.   Mostly 
February  and  March.   Nurse  crop  usually  omitted. 
Quantity  Seed:  18#  (range  10  to  20#) 

Method  and  Distance  :  Broadcast.  Sometimes  drilled.  Harrowed, 
dragged  or  brushed  in. 
Irrigation  : 

After  maturity,  irrigated  once  or  twice,  depending  upon  the  soil, 
between  cuttings,  April  to  October;  irrigated 
thoroughly  1  time  in  winter  (December  or  January) 
if  soil  is  retentive. 


Harvest- 


When  :  VHien  l/lO  in  bloom  or  new  shoots  start.  Usually  every  4-6 

weeks,  beginning  April  15,  until  December  1. 

How   :  Mowed,  raked,  cocked,  stacked,  baled.   Raked  in  v;indrov;s  tv/o 

hours  to  two  days  after  cutting  -  put  in  cocks  as 
soon  as  possible  after  raking;  cured  for  tv/o  to 
ten  days  in  cocks.   Then  baled  from  field  or  else 
stacked  in  field.   Sometimes "baled  from  stacks. 


Yield 


Good   :  8  tons 
Usual  :  5   " 


Commercial  Sections- 


Imperial  Valley 

Modoc  County  (Seed  -  Cedarville) 

Sacramento  Valley 

San  Joaquin  Valley 

Sonoma  County,  (Seed  -  Cloverdale) 

Southern  California  Counties 


3 

COST  07  PRODUCING  ALFALFA 


Value   of  Land- 


II 


II 


Raw  land- 

High ;,'250.00  per  acre 

Low 75.00 

Usual  — - 150.00 

Developed  land- 
High  - 400.00 

Low  — - 125.00 

Usual     200.00 

Cost  of  Establishing-    (Preparing  land  and  Planting) 

Price   of  irrigating   system  or  water  right 

(included   in   land  value) 

Leveling,   checking  and  ditching   ($8  to   075)-  20.00         " 
Preparing  seed  bed,   plowing  and  v/orking 

down -  5.00 

Cost  of     seed      (18#  &  16  l/Z^)   - -  3.00 

Seeding   (broadcast)    .25 

Cost   of  Growing  -    (Annual) 

Irrigating  (250   -   U5)    3.00 

V/ater      (;,1.50  -   05)    2.00 

Upkeep  of  ditches,  checks  and  gates 1.00    " 

Cost  of  Harvesting- 
Mowing .50  per  cutting 

per  acre 

Raking —  .25     " 

Cocking ,40 

Baling  (vl.25  to  v2.50)  1.75  per  ton 

Hauling  to  cars  (3  mile  haul) .75     "  ' 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  18.00  per  ton 

Low  - 4.00    " 

Average 8.00    " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  maturity  (1st  year)  1.00  per  acre 

After  naturity- 

Average  land   1.50          " 

Good  land 2.00 


(Read  Preface)  ^ 

REQUIREPJENTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GRO'TING  THE  ALMOMD 

Climatic  Requirements- 

Mild  or  hot  climate,  combined  with  freedom  from  high  humidity  (fogs) 

and  frosts  at  time  of  blossoming,  which  in  the 
case  of  almonds  is  early. 

Soil  Requirements-  Loose,  warm,  light  soil  -  sandy  loams,  of  good  depths 

(12*)  with  sufficient  slope  to  provide  good  air 
and  v/ater  drainage.   No  alkali. 

Water  Requirements-  Requires  ample  moisture  and  moisture  retaining  soils  are 

chosen.  Little  irrigation  is  given. 

Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Orchards  to  liaturity- 


Di stance  Apart  of  Trees 
Average  Number  per  Acre 
Time  of  Planting  Out 
Age  to  Self-Sustaining  Crop 
Age  to  Maturity        : 
Length  of  Profitable  Life 


28'  X  28' 

55 

Jan,  Feb.  or  March  (preferably  Feb.) 
:6  -  8  years 
10  years 
Estimated  50  years 


Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity 


Irrigation 

Pruning 
Fertilizing 
Spraying 
Cultivation 


If  given,  two  irrigations  by  furrows  -  January  and 
July.   Sometimes  a  September  irrigation  is  ^ven. 
To  form  head. 
None 

February  and  Llay,  or  June  -  Sulphur  for  red  spider. 
March  -  plowed  10"  deep,  v/orked  down.   Cultivated 
six  times,  monthly,  beginning  in  April. 
Companion  Cropping:  Intercropped  to  berries,  small  fruits,  beans, 
corn,  and  sometimes  alfalfa.  Usually  discontinued 
after  trees  are  10  years  old. 
Most  Popular  Varieties : 

IXL,  We  Plus  Ultra,  Nonpareil,  Texas  Prolific,  Drake  Seedling, 
Languedoc . 

Caring  for  Bearing  Orchards- 


Calendar  of  Operations  after  Maturity: 

Irrigation  :  If  given,  irrigated  heavily  by  furrows  in  November, 

January  and  July,  when  necessary. 
Spraying   :  February  -  lime- sulphur  (if  moss,  scale,  red  spider 

or  peach  blight  is  present) 
May  and  June-  sulphur  for  red  spider. 
Pruning    :  Some  pruning  every  January  or  February  to  keep 

heads  moderately  open  and  low,  thus  assisting  in 

harvest. 


Calendar  of  Operations  after  Maturity  (cont.) 

Fertilizing  :  Cover  crops  if  soil  lacks  body. 

Cultivation  :  Plow  deeply  in  February  and  after  irrigating 
v/ork  down.  '  Cultivate  all  summer  from 
April  to  November  at  monthly  intervals. 

Fumigating   :  None 

Thinning  Fruit  :   None 

Harvest  - 

Time   :   July  -  October 

Method:   By  shaking  trees  and  knocking  off  with  poles  12'  to  20' 

long,  striking  tree  with  square  blow.  Caught 
on  duck  sheets,  used  in  pairs,  14'  x  28'  in 
size,  or  on  two  wagons  made  for  the  purpose. 

Preparing  for  Market:  Hulled  by  machine,  dried  in  trays,  sulphured 

fto  bleach)  and  sacked. 

^  of  Different  Grades- 

/^  of  1st  grade  runs  very  high. 

Yields- 
Good   :   120Q# 
Usual  :   700# 

By-Products-  None 

Commercial  Sections- 

Butte  County 

Colusa   " 

Contra  Costa  County 

Glenn  County 

Riverside  County 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 

Solano  County 

Stanislaus  County 

Yolo  County 


6 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  ALMOND 

Value  of  Land- 

Raw  land- 
High  0300.00  per  acre 

Low  — 100.00 

Usual - 150.00 

Developed  Orchards- 
High  producing 800.00 

Usual          "            -  400.00          " 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  water  right   (included 
in  purchase  price   of  land. 

Clearing  and    leveling  (OlO  -   075)    20.00 

Trees  — - 10.00 

Setting  out - 5.00         " 

Replanting —  1.00 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to   Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Irrigation   (03  -   6) - —  -  5.00 

Pruning - - 3.00 

Sulphuring .50          " 

Cultivating  (06  -   12) 8.00          " 

(Cultivation  usually  borne  by  intercrops) 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Irrigation  (02.-  8  )  6.00 

Pruning — 2.00 

Spraying 3.00    " 

Cultivation  (06  -  12  )  8.00 

Cover  crop  5.00    " 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Knocking,    collecting  and   sacking .02  per  lb. 

Hulling -- .01 

Bleaching  and  sacking  .001   " 

Sacks  (100#  size)  .17  each 

Hauling  (  5  miles)  — - 1.50  per  ton 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  .20  per  lb. 

Low —  .08    " 

Average .14    " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  maturity 3.00  per  acre 

After  maturity- 
Average  land 5.00    " 

Good  land 6.00    " 


(Read  Preface) 
REQUIRE?IEMTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GROmNG  THE  APPLE 


Climatic  Re qui re me nts- 

In  general:   Cool  nights,  freedom  from  excessive  heat;  Coast  valleys 

and  high  altitudes  preferable. 

Soil  Requirements-  Deep,  rich,  moist,  calcareous  loam,  8'  or  more  in  depth, 

with  v/ell  drained  subsoil.   East,  west  or  south 
slopes  preferred. 

Water  Requirements-  Ample  supply  of  moisture  throughout  the  year. 

Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Orchards  to  Maturity - 


Distance  apart  of  trees 

Average  number  per  acre 

Time  of  plemting  out 

Age  to  self-sustaining  crop 

Age  to  maturity 

Most  popular  varieties 

Length  of  profitable  life 
Calendar  of  operations 


30'    X  30' 

48 

January,    February  or  March 

8  years 

12   years 

Yello'.7  Newt^own,   Yellow  Bellflov/er, 

Gravenstein,   Alexander,    Jonathan, 
Estimated  40   years. 


Irrigation 

Pruning 
Fertilizing 

Spraying 

Cultivation 


Companion  Cropping 


Irrigation 
Pruning 
Fertilizing 
Cultivating 


Very  little  done  in  Coast  sections.  In  some 

mountain  sections  some  irrigation  necessary, 
usually  during  June,  July  and  August. 

Prunai annually  in  January  or  February  to  form 
head . 

Cover  crops  for  soils  lacking  in  body.   Land 

usually  intercropped  when  trees  are  small,  and 
expense  of  fertilizing  is  borne  by  them. 

Trunks  v/hitewashed  in  spring.   Sprayed  with  lime 
sulphur  or  oil  emulsion  for  scale  during 
dormant  season.    hatched  for  borers. 

Plowed  in  February  and  i»uarch,  harrowed  twice, 
cultivated  at  6  v/eeks  intervals.   (Expense 
usually  borne  by  intercrop.) 
:   Intercropped  to  berries,  small  fruits, 
beans,  beets,  corn,  and  sometimes  alfalfa. 
Usually  discontinued  after  trees  are  8  to  10 
years  old. 

Very  little  done,  except  as  noted  above, 

January  -  February  .   To  head  in  and  shape  tree. 

Very  little  done.  Cover  crops  sometimes  grown. 

March,  plowed,  worked  down.   Crop  cultivated 
4-6  times,  April  to  August. 


Calendar  of  Operations  (cont.) 

Fumigating  :  None 

Thinning  Fruit:  May,  when  apples  3/4"  in  diameter. 
Spraying      :   January  •  February  -  Lime  sulphur,  or  oil 

emulsion. 
April,   2  sprayings  for  codling  moth  and 

milder/  (sometimes  scab). 

Harvest- 
Time   :   Gravenstein  -  July  25  -  August  15. 

Newtown      -  September  15  -  November  1. 
Bell  flower   -  September  1  -  October  1. 
Method  :  Picked  by  hand  into  lug  boxes. 

Preparing  for  Market:   Sorted  and  packed  into  44#  boxes  (net)  each, 

apples  being  wrapped  in  papers  for  fancy  fruit. 
3  loose  boxes  gives  two  packed  boxes. 

^  of  Different  Grades- 


15%     - 
15f=  - 
10/.  - 

1st  grade 

2nd 

culls 

Yields- 

Good  : 
Usual: 
Culls : 

400  packed  boxes 
150 

Good  : 
Usual: 

200if 
100# 

By-Products-  Gulls  sold  for  drying,  cider  and  vinegar. 

Commercial  Sections- 

El  Dorado 

Monterey 

Nevada 

Placer 

San  Bernardino 

San  Diego 

Santa  Cruz 

Sonoma 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  APPLE 


Value  of  Land- 


Raw  land- 

High     (with  water)    $600.00  per  acre 

Lo?/  "  "  150.00  " 

Usual        "  "         200.00  " 

Developed   land- 
High  producing 1000.00  " 

Usual      •    "  (05OO  -  1000) 800.00  " 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  v/ater  right  included   in  the 

price   of  the   land 
Clearing,    grading  and   leveling  land    for 

planting  (;,7  -   50) 

Trees  

Setting  out 

Replanting  


20.00 

II 

9.00 

II 

5.00 

II 

1.00 

It 

3.00 

II 

1.00 

II 

7.50 

If 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to   Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Pruning 

.     T.Tiitevjashing 

Cultivating 

(Cultivation  usually  carried   by  intercrops) 

i\nnual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 

Plov/ing  and  cultivating 8,00  " 

Pruning  and  burning  brush  10.00  " 

Thinning   fruit 12.00  " 

Spraying  (ijlO  to   25   ) 15.00 

Propping  (01  -  6)    -  2.00  " 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  (per  box) .04  per  box  loose 

Packing  and  v/arehouse  charges   .23  per  packed 

box 
Hauling  (2  mile  haul)    .01        " 

Market  Value  of  Yield    'f.o.b.) 

High 1.50  per  box 

Low .50  " 

Average .90  " 

Culls 6.00  per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  maturity 3.00  per  acre 

After  maturity- 
Average   land 8.00  " 

Good  land 10.00  " 


(Read  Preface)  10 

REQUIREMENTS  AND  LETHODS  OF  GROMNG  THE  APRICOT 

Climatic  Requirements- 

In  general:  Freedom  from  frosts  at  time  of  blooming,  which  occurs 

early.  Warm  growing  season. 

Soil  Requirements-  By  proper  selection  of  stock  can  be  grown  on  wide  range 

of  soil  -  light  sands  to  adcbe,  altho  light  soils 
are  far  preferable.  Depth  of  6'  or  more  required. 

Water  Requirements-  Natural  rainfall  often  aided  by  irrigation. 

Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


Distance  Apart  of  Trees 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to  Self-Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Most  Popular  Varieties 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 


24'  X  24' 
76 

January,  February  or  March 
5  years 
8  years 

Royal,  Blenheim,  Henskirk,  Newcastle 
Estimated  30  years. 
Calendar  of  Operations  to  iiiaturity : 

Irrigation   :  IVhen  given,  twice  by  furrows  -  June  and  October 

or  November.   Sometimes  a  February  irrigation 
given . 
Pruned  annually  in  January  or  February  to  form 

head.   Sometimes  in  July. 
Cover  crops  for  soils  lacking  in  body.  Usually 

intercropped . 
Not  usually  necessary. 
Plowed  in  October  -  November,  cross  plowed  in 

February  and  March,  harrowed  twice,  cultivated 
at  6  v/eeks'  intervals  from  April  to  July. 
Usually  borne  by  intercrop. 
Com.panion  Cropping:  Often  intercropped  to  berries,  small  fruits, 

beans,  beets,  corn,  and  sometimes  alfalfa. 
Usually  discontinued  'after  trees  are  3  or  4  years 
old. 

Caring  for  Bearing  Orchards- 

Calendar  of  Operations  : 

Irrigation   :  T.vice,  June  or  July  and  October,  by  furrows.  Some- 
times in  February. 

Pruning     :  July  -  October.   To  head  in,  shape  tree  emd 

mature  fruit. 

Fertilizing  :  Cover  crops  grovm  v/hen  soil  lacks  body. 


Pruning 

Fertilizing 

Spraying 
Cultivation 


11 


Calendar  of  Operations  (cent.) 

Cultivation  :  October  -  November  plowed. 

February-  March,   cross  plowed. 

Crop  cultivated  6  times,  from  April  to  July. 

Worked  down  into  good  condition. 

Fumigating   :  None 

Thinning  Fruit:  Thinned  before  pits  harden  if  for  shipping  or 

canning  (usually  late  March  or  early  April) 

Spraying      :  November,  lime  sulphur.  Borers  if  present, 

removed  from  crowns  once  a  year  during 

February  or  March.  Sometimes  distillate 

or  crude  oil  used.  November  -  January  for 
scales. 


Harvest- 


Time   :   June  -  August  15. 

Method  :   Picked  by  hand,  or  if  for  drying,  shaken  from  tree  to  sheets, 

Trees  gone  over  3  to  5  times. 
Preparing  for  Market ♦ 

Green   :  Packed  in  20f^  crates 

Dried    :  Cut  in  half,  pitted,  sulphured,  and  dried  on 

trays  in  sun.  Dry  5  to  1. 
Canning  :  Delivered  in  lug  boxes. 

Yields- 
Canning         Dried        Green 

Good   :     8  tons        1  l/4  tons     500  crates  of  20# 
Usual  :     4   "         3/4   ton      300   " 

%  of   Different  Grades- 

Usually  sold  orchard  run  and  not  graded. 

By-Products-   Pits  (San  Jose)  =  l/l6th  of  the  yield. 

Commercial  Sections- 

Alameda  San  Bernardino 

Fresno  Santa  Barbara 

Kings  Santa  Clara 

Los  Angeles  Solano 

Orange  Ventura 

San  Benito  Yolo 


12 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  APRICOT 

Value  of  Land  - 

Raw  land- 
High   (with  water) — --$400.00  per  acre 

Low         "  "        —  150.00  " 

Usual      "  "       200.00  " 

Developed  Orchards- 
High     producing 1200,00  " 

Usual  "  800.00  " 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  v;ater  right  included   in 

price  of  land. 
Clearing,    grading  and    leveling  land    for 

planting   (i^lO  -   75)    —     20.00  " 

Trees   (©  20(zt)    15.00 

Setting  out   ($4  -   8)   5,00  " 

Replanting 1.50 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to  Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivating  — 6.00  " 

Irrigating  (02  -   12) - 6,00 

Pruning   3.00  " 

(Cultivation  usually  borne  by  intercrop) 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Cultivating  8.00 

Pruning _ 12,00 

Irrigation   (02  -   12)    3.00          " 

Spraying __ _ __  7.00         " 

Thinning   (05   -   10) - 7.00 

Digging  borers  6.00          " 

Cover  crop ._  2,00          " 

Propping  (labor)    1.00 


II 


It 


Cost   of  Harvest- 
Picking   (for  green    fruit)    - -  .02  per  20#  box 

Packing  and  warehouse  charges   .15  " 

Hauling »  ,01  " 

Picking   for  dried    fruit   (OlO  -   20)    -  15.00  per  dry  ton 

Cutting  "  _ _  20.00 

Hauling  to  drier   (    3  miles)    1.00 

Drying  and   sweat  boxes   (s;13   -   18)    15,00 

Haul  to   ship     (3  miles)    1.00  " 

Picking  (for  canneries)    3,00  per  ton 

Hauling  (3  mile  haul  )    .  1.00  " 


II 


II 


13 


Market  Value  of  Yield   (f.o.b.; 
High- 


Canneries   §   60.00   per  ton 

Dried   ,15   p^^,  i^. 

^^^®" 1.50  per  box 


Low- 


Canneries  20.00  per  ton 

Dried _ _ ^05  per  lb. 

Green ,50  per  box 

Ave rage - 

Canneries  — 25,00  per  ton 

D^i^d - — - .10  per  lb. 

^^®^" — - .75   per  box 

Pits     (02O  -  40)    ..._  25.00  per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity _ g^OO  p^^  ^^^^ 

After  Maturity- 
Average   land   5,QQ          •■ 

Good   land lo!o0          " 


(Read  Preface)  ^^ 

REOUIREfffiMTS  AIS  METHODS  OF  GROTCNG  ASPARAGUS 

Time  to  Maturity-         3  years 

Life  -  10  years   (range   8-20  years) 

Soil  Requirements-     Deep,  v/arm,    rich  sandy  alluvial  or  peat   soil,  v/here 

water  table  does  not  rise  above   2'    from  surface. 

Climatic   Requirements-     Plenty  of  atmospheric  moisture  and  warm  climate. 

Water  Requirements-   Abundant  moisture  best  supplied   either  naturally,   although 

sometimes  by   irrigation.      Excess   should  be   avoided 
as  this  tends  to   keep  soils  cold  and   sour. 


Calendar  of  Operations- 
Preparing  Bed 

Planting 


November  -  January,  plowed  12"  deep,  replov;ed  and 
made  into  good  seed  bed  by  the  use  of  the 
cultivator,  harrow  and  disk. 

Time     :  January  -  March 

Quantity  :  3600  roots 

Method  and  Distance:  Rows  8'  to  9'  apart,  plants 
1  l/2'  in  rows.  Plant  roots  8  -  12"  deep' in 
trenches,  covering  4  to  6"  deep,  gradually 
filling  in  by  subsequent  cultivation  as 
sprouts  appear.   Irrigate  when  needed  on 
uplands  plantations. 


Care  of  Old  Plantations 


Intercropping  : 

Varieties- 

Palmetto 

Conover  Colossal 
Barr'  s  Ifejumoth 


February  -  Rows  covered  1'  deep  and  harrowed 

into  fine  shape . 
February  -  May  -  Cultivated  with  special  tools 

often  enough  to  keep  v/eeds  dovm  and  to  keep 

ridges  up. 
September  -  November  -  Tops  cut  and  burned  after 

heavy  frost  kills  then. 

Beans  or  potatoes  are  often  raised  between  the  rov;s 
of  asparagus  for  the  first  two  years. 


15 


Harvest' 

Time      :     February  -  middle   of  July. 

Method:     Cut  with   flat  chisel  1   l/2"  wide,    crated   in  28"   crates   for 

eastern  shipment,    or  placed   in  50#  lug  boxes   for 
cannery  or  packing  house  after  washing  and 
cutting  butts. 

Yields- 
Good      :     4,000# 
Usual    :      3,000# 

i„  of  Different  Grades- 

1st     —     75/o     segregated  into  v/hite  or  green 
2nd     —     2% 

Commercial   Sections- 

Delta  Islands . 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  ASPARAGUS 


15 


Value   of  Land- 
Raw  land  -  ^^ ^„ 

^^„Yi     03OO«OO  per  acre 

Low - - - 100-00  " 

Usual - 200.00  " 

Developed  land- 
High  producing - -- 400.00  " 

UsSal  "  250.00  " 

Cost   of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting-  ^^ 

Preparing  bed 10,00  ^^ 

Roots     (3600  @  01.50  to  05  per  M) -        7.00 

Planting  (dropping  and   covering)   5.00 

Growing  the  crop  - 

Cultivation  --- ^-^^ 

Hoeing 5-00 

Irrigation f  "^  „ 

J/Iowing  and  burning  tops      -L"^  = 

2nd  year 

Cultivation ^'^^ 

2.00 

Hoeing ~       „ 

Ridging  and  leveling o-^^ 

T^„4„,+^„v,         None 

Irrigation  - „ 

Mowing  and  burning  tops  ■^•='^ 

After  2nd  year 

Cultivation  and  hoeing  ^-^^ 

Ridging  up  and  leveling  after  crop 

is  off - - -   ^'00    " 

Burning  tops 2.00 

Harvesting- 

Cutting  and  washing l-^O  per^^cwt. 

Hauling  (3  miles)  -05 

Crate  (30#)  25  per  crate 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

1st  year - 2.00  per  acre 

2nd  year '^"'^ 

After  2nd  year-  ^^ 

Average  land  *  2.50    ^^ 

Good   land ^'^0 

Market  Value  of  Yields-  ,    ^  , 

High-   1st   grade  Low-lst   grade  Average-lst  grade- 

Canneries—  3^  Canneries—   2^         *    Canneries  — 2-^ 

Shipments—   5^  Shipments—   3^  Shipments— 4q; 

2nd   grade  2nd   grade  2nd   grade- 

canneries—   2  l/2fi  Canneries—   10  Canneries-l4C. 


(Read  Preface)  1'^ 

REQUIRSMENTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GROWING  BARLEY 

Time  to  Maturity  -   160  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements  -  Rich,  fertile,  well  drained  soil,  varying  from  rather 

light  to  heavy  in  character,  the  latter  being 
preferred.   Will  withstand  considerable  alkali. 
2'  or  more  in  depth. 

Climatic  Requirements-  V/ithstands  very  dry,  hot  weather  and  will  produce  on 

limited  rainfall. 

Water  Requirements  and  Irrigation-   If  rainfall  is  less  than  18"  summer 

fallov;  every  2nd  year.    25  -  30"  of  v/ater  is 
optimum.   Only  6  l/2^  of  acreage  irrigated. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed  :  November  -  February  plowed  4  -  8"  deep. 

Disked  or  harrowed  before  planting. 

Planting  : 

Time     :  October  to  April 

Quantity  :  60  -  lOOjf  -  broadcasted,  or  35  -  60#  drilled. 

Method  and  Distance:   Broadcasted  and  harrowed  in,  or  drilled. 

.  ••   •  •  •  '• 

Varieties:  •  ' 

Common,  Chevalier 

Harvest  : 

When    :    April  -  August 

How      :    By  heading  in   fog  belts;    by  combines  in  valley;  by  binders 

in  special   sections. 
Operations:   Threshed   either    from  shock    by  stationary  outfit  or 

in  combined  harvester. 

Yields- 
Irrigated  lands  Dry   farmed 
Gbod      :                  1,500#                              ,     1,200# 
Usual    :                   1,000  900 

By-Products- 

Kind      :    Stubble   and  baled   strav/ 

Amount:    Stubble  depends  on  how  badly  grain   lodges  and  method   of  harvest- 
combine  leaves  most   grain,   binder  least,  Btraw:6-8  bales 
V/here  and    for  what   sold: 

Straw :35^  psrbale    (costing  150   to    bale) 

Stubble:    Sold    or  used    for   feed  ©  250   per   A,    (range   100   to  02.00) 

Commercial  Sections- 

Imperial  Co.  Monterey  Co. 

Merced        Co..  San   Joaquin  Co. 

Grown  generally  over  the  State 


18 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  BARLEY 


Value  of  Land- 


M 


High $  250.00  per  acre 

Low 40.00    " 

Usual - - — 125.00 

Cost  of  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Plowing  (  for  winter   sowing) 1.50          " 

"          (if   summer    fallov/ed) 2,50          " 

Harrov/ing  before   seedxng .25 

Cost  of  seed    (©  1  1/20)    1.00 

Treating  seed .04         " 

Broadcasting  .15          " 

Drilling     .25          " 

Growing  Crop  - 

Harrowing  after  seeding  .35          " 

Harvest- 
Combined  harvester- 

12  sacks   or  less -■  1.75          " 

12  -     25   sacks 2.00          " 

25-35        "       —  3,00 

35  sacks  or  over 5.00    " 

Sacks ,08  per  sack 

Twine  .003   " 

Hauling  (10  miles) 1.00  per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 1.25  per  acre 

Good  land 2.00    " 

.vlarket  Value   o  f  Yield- 
High  1.50  per  cwt. 

Low .90          " 

Average - l.OO          " 


(Read  Preface) 
REQUIREMENTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GROWING  BEAMS  (BLACK  EYES) 
Time  to  Maturity-   130  days 
Li  f e-  Annual 


19 


Soil  Requirements- 


Surface 

Subsoil 
Depth 


Rich,  sandy  loam  best,  but  will  grow  over  wide  range. 

Good  moisture  retainer. 

2'  or  more,  according  to  moisture  retention  qualities. 


Climatic  Requirements- 


Water  Requirements- 


Freedom  from  frost;  warm,  sunny  days;  warm  nights. 
A  hot  weather  plant. 


Amount:  Usually  a  dry  land  crop.   Irrigation,  however,  is  practiced  in 

southern  California,  in  portions  of  San  Joaquin 
Valley,  and  when  grovm  as  second  crop.   Rusts  if 
grown  in  presence  of  too  much  moisture. 


Calendar  of  Operations- 
Preparing  Seed  Bed 


:  Plowed  6  -  8"  in  fall  -  fallowed  during  rainy 
season.  Cultivated  4"  in  spring.  Harrov;ed  and 
worked  into  good  seed  bed-  mulch  maintained  up 
to  planting  time  by  cultivating  at  ten  day  intervals, 


Seeding: 

Time:  May  and  June 

Quantity  Seed:   20"  (range  10  -  35#) 
Method  and  Distance:  Drilled  in  rows 

dropped  3 


23"  to  36"  apart,  seed 
to  4"  apart  in  rov/. 


Care  of  Growing  Crop:  Cultivated  from  one  to  three  times  at  2  weeks' 

interval  up  to  blossoming  (July  15)  using  weed 
cutter  type  of  cultivator.   Hoed,  if  v/eedy,  one  to 
three  times.   If  irrigated,  water  is  given  just 
after  bloom  has  fallen.   No  cultivation  given  sub- 
sequent to  blossoming. 

Varieties:   Black  Eye 

Harvest 

Time:   August  -  September 

How:   Vines  cut  with  bean  sled,  left  to  dry,  forked  into  piles 
for  later  threshing,  or  threshed  direct  from 
windrow,  put  in  bags,  after  threshing,  holding 
80  or  100#. 


20 


Yields- 

Good   :   1,200# 
Usual  :    800# 

By-Products- 

Kind   :   Straw 

Where  and  for  what  sold 

Commercial  Sections- 


To  dairymen  for  feed 

To  citrus  grov/ers  for  mulch  and  fertilizer. 


Butte  County 

Imperial   " 

Los  Angeles" 

Orange     " 

Sacramento  " 

San  Joaquin  County 

San  Luis  Obispo 

Santa  Barbara 

Stanislaus 

Ventura 

Yolo 

Yuba 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  BEMS  (BLACK  EYES) 


21 


Value  of  Land- 
High  $  400.00  per  acre 

Low 75.00          " 

Usual _  150.00          " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  Land   and  Planting- 

..  plowing  and  working  down   (C3.50  -   7.00)  5.00          " 

Seed    (©5c!)    .  1.50          "' 

Seeding  (15  -   35;^) -  .35          " 

Growing  the  Crop- 

1  Hoeing 1.00 

3  Cultivatings _  1.50    " 

Harvest  - 

Cutting  vines .35          ■> 

Cocking  - - - ,65 

Threshing  --- .26   percwt. 

Sacks    (good   crop) .10      each 

Hauling  (3  miles)    - - .08  per  cwt. 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land   _--  1.00  per  acre 

Good   land    2.00          " 

Market  Value   of  Yield- 
High  ._  ,06   per  lb. 

Low ^Q3        It 

Average ^04        " 


22 


(Read  Preface) 

RSQUIRE?JBNTS     AMD  I.'JITHODS  OF  GROHyiNG  BEANS 
(PINKS,   LARGE  \THITES,    SMLL  YfrllTSS , 3AY0 ) 


Time  to  Maturity-        150  -  130  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface  :  Good  soil,  free  from  excessive  moisture,  rich  sandy  loam 

best,  but  will  grovj   over  v;ide  range. 
Subsoil  :  Good  moisture  retainer. 
Depth  Surface  Soil:  2'  or  more  -  the  deeper  soils  for  those  poor 


in  moisture  retention  qualities, 


Climatic  Requirements- 


Freedom  from  frosts,  severe  winds  and  hot  suns  during  growing  period 

April  15  to  September  15.  Lessening  of  moisture 
in  fall.   Freedom  from  extreme  heat  at  blossoming 
time.  Require  humid  climate  and  do  not  thrive 
at  any  distance  from  coast  or  river. 

V/ater  Requirements- 

.toount  :  Rainfall  15"  or  more.  Usually  a  dry  land  crop.   Irrigation 

not  considered  profitable,  but  necessary  to  conserve 
v/inter  rainfall.    Light  irrigation,  however,  is 
■oracticed  in  southern  California. 


Calendar  of  Operations- 
Preparing  Seed  Bed 


:  Plowed  6  -  3"  in  fall  -  fallowed  during  rainy 
season.   Cultivated  4"  deep  in  spring.  Harrowed 
and  worked  into  good  seed  bed.  Mulch  maintained 
up  to  planting  time  by  cultivating  at  10  day 
intervals. 


Seeding: 

Time   :   April  15  -  June  30 
Quantity  of  Seed    :  '    30# 


Method  and  Distance: 


Rows  20  -  30"  apart,  beans  dropped 
4  -  6"   apart  in  rov/. 


Care  of  Growing  Crop: 

Cultivated  three  times  at  2  weeks '  intervals  up  to  blooming 

(June  15)  using  weed  cutter  type  of  cultivator. 

If  irrigated ,  water  is  given  just  after  bloom 

has  fallen.  No  cultivation  subsequent  to  blossoming. 


23 


Varieties 


Pink  Beans       -     "Pink"     only  name  given 
Large  Wnite     -      Synonym    :   Lady  Washington 
Small        "  -  "  :   Navy  or  Boston 


Harvest  - 
Vi/hen 
How 


Yields- 

Good 
Usual 

By-Prod ucts- 


After  2/3ds   of  pods  turn  ripe  -  August   25  -  October  1. 

Vines  cut  with  horse  knife   (bean  sled  drawn  by  2  horses) 

forked  into   small  piles,    left   one   to  three  weeks, 
until  moisture   evaporates,   thresh  by  contract 
(harvester   furnishes  everything' but  hay   for   his 
horses)    put   in  bean  bags  holding  SOj^  or  IOOjt^. 


1,500# 
1.000# 


Kind      :      Straw 

Where  and  for  v;hat  sold:  To  dairymen  for  feed 

To  citrus  growers  for  mulch  and  fertilizer. 


Commercial  Sections- 
Pink        : 

Large  \7hite 
Small  White 
Bayo 


Grown  in  all  bean  sections  of  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin 
Valley  and  southern  coast  counties. 

Contra  Costa,  Solano,  Monterey,  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Monterey,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa  Barbara. 

San  Joaquin  aind  Sacramento. 


24 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  BEANS 
(PINK,   LARGE  WHITE,    SMLL  WITE,    3AY0) 


Value   of  Land- 
High  0  400.00   per  acre 

Lo-w  -- 75.00 

Usual 150.00  " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  Land  and  Planting- 


II 


Plov;ing  and  working  down  — 3.50 

Cost  of  seed    (30#  €  50)   1.50 

Seeding .35          " 

Growing  the  Crop- 

2  Cultivatings  1,00 

Harvest  - 

Cutting  vines  ,35    " 

Cocking .65 

Threshing —  .25  per  cwt. 

Sacks .10  each 

Hauling  (3_Oiles) __ _  ,o5  per  cwt. 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  .06  per  lb. 

Low .03    " 

Average .04    " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land  1.50  per  acre 

Good  land  2.50    " 


(Read  Preface)  25 

REOUIREIJEMTS   AND  f;IETHODS  OF  GROWING  BEANS   (LIMA) 
Time  to  Maturity  -      110  -  130  days 
Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface    :   Good  loam  or  alluvial   soil,    free    from  excessive  alkali 

best,  but  v/ill  grow  on  wide  range   from  fertile  sand 
to  adobe. 

Subsoil    :      Good  moisture  retainer. 

Depth        :     4'    or  more 

Climatic  Requirements- 

(1)  Freedom  from  scorching  suns. 

(2)  Fogs  required  to  temper  atmosphere. 

(3)  Dry  weather  in  fall  to  insure  ripening. 

Water  Requirements- 

Amount:  practice  of  irrigation  still  in  infancy,  but  increasing. 
When  needed:   June  15  to  July  10. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed  :  Plowed  8'  to  14"  November  or  December.  March  - 

April  worked'  down  with  clod  masher,  "Cyclone" 
chiselB"  deep,   (three  times),  weed  knife  used 
ahead  of  the  planter.   March  replowed,  or  better, 
cultivated  and  harrowed.   "Cyclone"  weeder  used 
until  planting  time  at  10  day  intervals.  Ringroll 
to  bring  up  moisture  before  planting. 

Seeding: 

Time   :  April  25  -  May  20 
Quantity  Seed  :   50" 

Method  and  Distance:     Seed  dropped  8"  in  rows,  rows  30, 

32.  or  36"  apart. 

Care  of  Grov/ing  Crop  : 

Cultivated  with  weeder  knife  every  10  days  during  May  and 
June.  Hoed  from  three  to  five  times  (June) 

Harvest: 

VuTien    :      September  1  -  October  15. 

How      :      Vines  cut  with  horse   knife   (bean  sled  drawn  by  2  horses) 
forked   into   small  piles,      left  1-3  weeks  until 
moisture  evaporates,    threshed   by  contract    (harvester 
furnishing  everything  but  hay   for  his   horses.   Put 
in  80#     or  100#  sacks. 


26 


Yields- 

Good 

:     2,000# 

Usual 

:      1,600# 

By-Products- 

Kind   :  Straw 
Where  and  for  what  sold:  To  dairymen  for  feed, 


Commercial  Sections- 
Orange  County 
San  Diego  County 
Santa  Barbara  County 
Ventura  County 


To   citrus  growers   for  mulch  and 
fertilizer. 


27 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  BSAIIS  (LIMAS^ 

Value  of  Land- 


II 


II 


^^^ 01500.00  per  acre 

Low 200.00    " 

Usual 400.00 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  Land  and  Planting- 
Fall  plowing __ 2.00 

Winter  v;orking .  4.00 

Cost  of  seed  (50#  e  60)  -— - _  3*00 

Seeding - _ _  [30 

Growing  the  Crop- 

_  Cultivating  5  times  2.50    " 

Hoeing,  1  time  (  (;1  -  ^12  ) - s.'oo 

Harvest  - 

Cutting  vines  ^ ^35    u 

Cocking g5    „ 

Threshing  — - _ [^q   p^^  ^^^^^ 

f^""^^   -" —  - .10  each 

Hauling  (3  miles) Qg 

Recleaning  (weighing,  etc.)  — [08   per  sack 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 

"^S^ - - .07  per  lb. 

^°^ -- - —  .04    '■ 

A^'^^^S^ - .04  1/2" 

By-Products- 
Straw  (   weight  equal  to  beans,    average 

-     ^   ,      ,      ,,    ^  ■'-°" - 5.00  per  acre 

Cost  to   handle 2   50          " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

Average   land 4_00  p^^  ^^^^ 

^°°^   1^"^ — -—  6.00        " 


28 
(Read  Preface) 

REQUIREMENTS  AI'ID  METHODS  OF  GROV-flNG  THE  TEPARY  BEAN 

Time  to  Maturity^   85  -  140  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface  :  Good  soil,  free  from  excessive  moisture  or  manuring.   Rich, 

sandy  loam  best,  but  will  grow  over  a  wide  range. 
Subsoil  :  2'  or  more  in  depth;   good  moisture  retainer. 

Climatic  Requirements-  Will  stand  sun  and  heat  even  at  blossoming  time. 

Water  Requirements - 

Will  stand  drouth,  but  good  moisture  is  needed  to  insure  a  heavy  crop. 

Over-irrigation  of  growing  crop  not  desirable  as 
prolongs  period  of  ripening.   Small  leaf  surface 
permits  Tepary  to  mature  a  crop  on  moisture  in- 
sufficient for  other  beans. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed  :  Plov;ed  4"  or  5"  in  spring  after  heavy  rains  are 

over,  or  if  put  in  after  grain  hay,  plowed  dry, 
irrigated  and  disked,  or  stubble  irrigated  and 

plowed. 

Seeding: 

Time:    April  -  July  31. 

Quantity  of  Seed    :  15  -  18# 

Method  and  Distance:   Seed  dropped  3  -  8"  apart  in  rows  24"  -  36" 

apart,  and  not  cultivated.  Sometimes  planted  in 

rows  18"  apart  after  grain. 

Care  of  the  Growing  Crop: 

Cultivated  in  May  and  June.  Kept  clear  of  weeds. 

Harvest: 

When   :  Vlhen   ripe 

Method:  Early  plantings  are  pulled  by  hand,  late  plantings  are 
cut  with  horse  knife  (bean  sled  dravm  by  2  horses) 
forked  into  small  piles,  left  1  to  3  weeks  until 
moisture  evaporates,  threshed  by  contract  in  machines 
or  by  horses;  put  in  bags  holding  80  or  100#. 


29 


800# 


Yields- 
Good      :     1,500# 
Usual   : 

By-Products- 

Bean  straw  -     Sold   for  dairy  or  cattle   feed,   or  for   fertilizer. 

Commercial  Sections- 


Butte     County 

Colusa 

Fresno 

Glenn 

Imperial 

Iv'adera 

San  Diego 

Sutter 

Tulare 

Yolo 


NOTE: 


Because   of  its  quick  maturing,   two   crops   a  year  are   possible, 
or  the  Tepary  may   follow  other  early  maturing 
crops. 


30 
COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  TEPARY  BEAN 

Value  of  Land- 

High 0150.00  per  acre 

Low 60.00          " 

Usual - - - 100.00 

Cost  of  the   Crop- 
Preparing  Land  and  Planting- 
Plowing  and  working  down —  3.50          " 

Seed      (   ©  60  )    -—  1.00 

Seeding .35         " 

Growing  the  Crop- 

3  Cultivations  1.50          " 

Harvest- 
Pulling  by  hand   (03  -  4) - 3.50          " 

Cutting  Vines  .40          " 

Cocking -. .65 

Threshing - - .25  per  cwt. 

Sacks     (6  -  120)    _—  .10  each 

Hauling  {  3  miles)  .05  per  cwt. 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 1.00  per  acre 

Good  land -1^.25    " 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
Average  .03  per  lb. 


(Read  Preface)  ^^ 

REQUIREMENTS   AND  METHODS  OF  GRO^JTING  CABBAGE 

Time  to  Maturity-       October  planting  in   field;      150  days 

January  "  "  "      ,      120     " 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements-     Heavy  soil,    retentive   of  moisture,  and   at  least  4'    in 

depth.       Will  tolerate   some  alkali. 

Climatic  Requirements.    Best  cabbage  grov/n  in  or  during  cool  part  of  year. 

Water  Requirements-  Abundant  moisture    from  rainfall  or  irrigation.      Cabbage 

must  be    forced    from  time   of  planting  to  maturity, 
or  seed   production  v;ill   result,    thus  ruining  the 
crop   for  marketing. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  for  Planting    :     August  -   January,  manured,   plowed  12"  deep 

and  v.'orked  dovm  into   shape. 
Pleinting   : 

Time  :   Valley--September  -February;   Coast--January  -  December. 

Quantity:    7,000  plants. 

Method   and  Distance:     Plants   set   out  in  rows  30   -   36"  apart, 
and  1   1/2  -   2«    in  the   row. 

Care  0  f  Growing  Crop :  ' 

After  planting  out,    cultivated  thoroughly  once   every  two  to   four 
weeks  until  leaves  cover  the   ground.        Irrigated   if 
needed,    -  usually  2  to  4  irrigations  being  applied. 


Varieties : 

Early  Winningstadt 

Early 

Flat  Dutch 

Late 

tl  M               II 

Early 

York 

San  Francisco 

Harvest: 

Time 

:   July  plant  in 
Winter    " 
Coast 

g 

October  «  November 
April        -   July 
January  -  December 

Method    :     Heads  cut,   trimmed,    shipped   in  crates  of  135  to   200f^,    or 
hauled   loose    for  local  trade. 


32 


Yields- 

Good 

:     20  tons 

Usual 

:     12 

1 

of  Different 

Grades- 

#1     - 

1% 

#2     - 

25^ 

Commercial  Sec 

tions- 

Los  Angeles  County 
Orange  " 
Sacramento  " 
San  Joaquin  " 
San  Mateo  " 
Delta  Islands. 


33 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  CABBAGE 


II 


It 
II 
II 


Value  of  Land- 

J^^^^ - 0  800.00  per  acre 

^^'^     150.00 

A^^^^g^  -- 200.00 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  Land   and  Planting- 
Manure       _ _  3Q^QQ  „ 

Preparing   for  planting  5*00          " 

Plant s- 

Home  grown 4.00          " 

Purchased   2o'oO          " 

^^^""ting %]00 

Growing  the  Crop- 
Cultivating  (01  -   10)    5.00 

Hoeing  — .- - g^OQ 

.     Irrigating  (4  times)   -- 12.00 

Harvest- 
Cutting,    trinming,    sorting,    and 

packing  (02  -  4)    3.00  per  ton 

^^^^^g«  " -- .25  each 

hauling  (5  miles) _ .75  ^^^   ^^„ 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 2.00  per  acre 

.  Good  land 2  5q    i, 

Market  Value  of  Yield  (f.o.b.) 
Kigh- 

l^^,   grade ._         40,00  ^^„ 

2nd  grade 20.00 

Low  - 

1st  grade 4,00  " 

2nd  grade 2.'50         " 

Ave rage - 

1st   grade __  3^5  qq  „ 

2nd  grade _ __ j_q[qq 


(Read  Preface) 
REQUIREMEMTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GROWING  THE  CHERRY 

Climatic  Requirements-  Warm  sunny  weather,  freedom  from  excessive  heat,  and 

heavy  late  spring  rains. 


Soil  Requirements 


Deep,  rich,  well  drained  soils,  retentive  of  moisture. 
No  clay.   Preferably  sediments. 


Water  Requirements-     Plenty  of  moisture  with  v/ater  table  belov?  15'. 
Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


Distance  Apart  of  Trees 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  o  f  Planting  Out 

Age  to  Self-Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Length  of  profitable  Life 

Most  Populat  Varieties 


30'  X  30'       ■ 

48 

January,  February,  or  March 
8  years 
12  years 

Estimated  40  years 
Napoleon  (Royal  Ann),  Black 
Tartarian,  Bing,  Lambert 
Calendar  of  Operations     : 

Irrigation   :  Not  much  given,  foothill  section  an  exception 

vjhen   usually  given  during  June,  July  and 

August , 
Pruned  to  form  lo"/  head  and  develop  tree. 
None 

February  -  Lime  sulphur  if  necessary 
Plov/ed,  cross  plowed  and  v/orked  down  into  shape, 

cultivated  6  times  at  monthly  intervals, 

beginning  in  April. 
Companion  cropping:   Intercropped  to  berries,  small  fruits,  grain, 

beans,  beets,  corn,  and  sometimes  alfalfa. 

Usually  discontinued  after  trees  are  4-  6 

yisars  old. 

Caring  for  Bearing  Orchards- 

Calendar  of  Operations  : 


Pruning 
Fertilizing 
Spraying 
Cultivatioft 


Not  much  irrigation  done,  except  as  noted  above. 

February  -  lime  sulphur. 

Only  to  keep  tree's  shapely,  December  -  January 

Sometimes  manure  put  on 

Plo;ved,  cross  plovred  and  worked  into  shape. 

Cultivated  twice  ammonth  until  end  of  July, 
Fumigating   :  None 
Thinning  Fruit :Not  dgne. 


Irrigation 

Spraying 

Pruning 

Fertilising 

Cultivating 


35 


Harvest- 


Time   :  May  20  to  July  1 

Method  :  Picked  by  hand.   Trees  gone  over  4  to  6  times. 

Preparing  for  Market:  Packed  into  10^  boxes  by  hand  for  eastenn 

shipment,  or  in  20  -  40j^  boxes  loose  for  local 
trade,  or  hauled  in  lugs  to  cannery. 


%  of   Different  Grades 


Cannery  Districts 

(i.e.  Napa     Valley.) 

Packed 10 

Cannery 70 

Culls    (cracked 

and  pecked)            20 

Yields- 

Good 

; 

4  tons 

Usual 

• 

2  tons 

Commercial 

Sections- 

Alameda 

Napa 

Placer 

Sacramento 

Santa  Clara 

Solano 

Sonoma 

NOTES : 

Shipping  Districts 
(  i.e.  Suisun  Valley) 

70 
10 

20 


Crop  easily  damaged. 

Cherries  are  risky,  but  exceedingly  profitable  on  the  right  land. 


36 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  CK5RRY 

Value  of  Land- 

Raw  land- 

High tJSOO.OO  per  acre 

Low ---  200.00 

Usual 600,00    " 

Developed  orchards- 
High  producing 2000.00    " 

Usual    "     1000.00    " 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  water  right  included  in  land 
value 

Clearing  and  leveling  10.00    " 

Trees - 10.00 

Setting  out  4.00    " 

Replanting 1.00 

Annual  Cost    froia  Setting  Out  to   Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Plowing  and   cultivating   (usually  borne   by  intercrop)  6.00  " 

Spraying 1_qO  " 

Pruning - ___  3.00 

Irrigation _ __  5.00 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 


Cultivation   8.00  " 

Spraying 3^00 

Pruning 2.00 

Irrigation 8.00  " 

Cost   of  Harvest- 

For  Local-    (10#  box) 

Picking - .15  per  box 

PacKing  (loose)  .03    '' 

Package ^09    " 

Hauling  (  2  ir.iles)  .01    " 

For  East  (10#  box) 

Picking ,15 

Packing  and  warehouse  expense .10 

Package ]l5 

Hauling  and  loading  (2  miles)  .01 


!I 


37 


For  Cannery- 
picking  C30.00  per  ton 

Hauling  (2  miles)  - 1.00.   " 

Market  Value  of  Yield  (f.o.b.) 

High  - 

Cannery .06  per  lb. 

Eastern  shipments ,13    " 

Local        "   .03    " 

Low  - 

Cannery .04  " 

Eastern  shipments  .04  " 

Local       "    .04  " 

Average  - 

Cannery .05  " 

Eastern  shipments  ,11  " 

Local       "    .06  " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To   Maturity  --- 6.00   per  acre 

After  iiJaturity  - 

Average  land 10.00  " 

Good   land 15.00  " 


302v'92 


(Read  Preface)  38 

REQUIREIffiNTS   Ai^ID  IvIETKODS  OF  GRO\yirTG  irJDIAN  CORN 

Time  to  Maturity-        130  -  160  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface:  Black  loam  or  river  bottom  sediment,  3'  or  more.  Well 

drained,  well  supplied  with  organic  matter  and 
plant  foods. 

Climatic  Requirements- 

Freedom.  from  frost  and  hot  drying  winds;  warm  nights,  continuous 

growing  weather,  ample  sunshine,  freedom  from 
intense  heat  at  time  o  f  tasselling. 

Water  Requirements  and  Irrigation- 

Ample  moisture  from  rainfall  or  irrigation,  equivalent  to  at  least 

30". 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed    :      Fall  -  plowed  8" 

March-   plowed  6"  and  worked  down  into   seed  bed. 

Planting: 

Time    :   April  1  -  May  1 
Quantity:   18#  for  silage 

12"   "  seed 
Method  and  Distance:  In  hills  3  l/2'  apart,  or  in  rows  3  l/2' 

apart  -  seed  1"  deep,  6-  8  "  apart 
for  silage,  10  -  12"  for  seed. 

Care  of  Growing  Crop:   Cultivated  6  -  8"  as  soon  as  rows  can  be  seen. 

Cultivated  every  2  weeks,  gradually 
reducing  depth.   Irrigated  by 
furrov;s  in  July  when  com  is 
tasselling. 

Varieties: 

Learning,   Hickory  King,   Old   River  IThite,   California  Semi-Dent, 

Red  Ccb,    Yellcv  Dent. 


39 


Harvest  : 


When  :  Soiling  -  July  1  -  September  1  (Green  growing  corn) 
Silage  -  August  15  -  September  15 
Grain   -  October  1  -  November  1 
Fodder  -  October  15-  November  15  (dry,  mature  corn) 


How 


Yields- 


Silage  - 

Cut  by  hand  or  machine  in  field,  hauled  to 
silo,  cut  and  blown  into  silo. 

Grain  - 

Husked  by  hand  in  field  from  standing  stalks. 
Thrown  into  wagon. 

Fodder- 
Cut  and  hauled  as  needed,  or  cattle  turned  in. 

Soiling- 
Cut  and  hauled  as  needed,  or  cattle  turned  in. 


Silage       Grain      Dry  Fodder     Soiling 

Good   :   12  tons       2000#        9  tons        8  tons 
Usual  :    8   "        1000#         6   "  5   " 


By-Products- 


Kind    :   Husks  from  Old  River  V/hite  varieties. 

Amount  :   200# 

Where  and  for  -what  sold:  Tamale  wrappers 


Commercial  Sections- 


Los  Angeles  County 
Mendocino     " 
Riverside     " 
Sacramento    " 


ir 


II 


40 

COST   OF  PROgUCi:.TG  I'JDIAM  COFuN 

Value   of  Land- 

Kigh ___ 0800.00  per  acre 

Lov7 _ 100,00 

^'su?.l  - 200.00         " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Fall  plowing 1.75          " 

Spring  plowing - 1^25 

T/orking  dovn  into   seedbed   1   75 

Seed   (  e  2<?)    - _ .'25 

planting 35         n 

Growing  the  Crop- 
Cultivating  and    furrowing 2.00          " 

Vfeter j'so          " 

Applying  water  [75         » 

^-oeing _ _ _ 2.'oO 

Harvest- 

For  silage- 
Cutting  by  hand  2.00    " 

Hauling _ ^\qq 

Filling  silo  — 3^00 

For  grain- 

Kusking  from  standing  corn .03  per  bushel 

Hauling  (5  niles)  .50  per  ton 

Shelling'- iQ   pgr  bushel 

!^^>^^    - - -  .10  each 

For  i' odder- 
Cutting  by  hand    - 1.75  pgj,  ^cre 

Shocking  . 2.25    " 

Hauling  (1  nile)  I'.OO      ■    " 

For  Soiling- 
Cutting  by  hand 2.00    " 

Hauling  (1  mile)  ]^.00    " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

For  average  land 2.30    " 

"     best  lajid 3  qq          n 

Market  Value   of  Yield- 
Grain- 

Low I'll  Per^cwt. 

Average ____ ^[^^ 

By-Products- 
Fodder   from  husked   com _ 1.50   per  ton 

(10  t.   per 

Husks   (Old  River  White)    04  pp^^b 

•Cutting  and  hauling     _  siso  per  acre 


(Read  preface) 

R3%'IREMEIITS  AND  IvETHODS  OF  GROWING  COTTON 
Tiiue  to  Maturity-  7-9  r.onths. 


41 


T.i  f 


ate- 


Soil  Requirer.ents- 


Annual  or  perennial,  according  to  hov/  handled. 

Responds  to  Pood  soil  conditions,  doing  best  on  silt 
loams,  altho  all  good  r;oils  do  well;  4'  or  more 
in  depth. 


Climatic  Re-.uirem-snte-  Dry  weather  during  growing  season,  high  temperature 

for  4  or  5  months,  and  lack  of  rains  at  time  of 
maturity. 

Water  Requirements  and  Irrigation-   Plenty  of  moisture  required  throughout 

gro'vth  -jyith  avoidance  of  over-irrigation. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed  :   January  -  March  land  irrigated,  plowed,  disked 

and  listed  into  rows  42"  apart, harrowed  and 
dragged  into  a  seed  bed. 

Planting: 

Time    :  March  -  June   (April  15,-  May  15  best) 

Quantity:    20-  30# 

Method  and  Distance:  Rov/s  3  l/2  -  4  •  apart 

Care  of  Gro".'ing  Crop: 

Crop  thinned  to  1  plant  every  12  to  13"  (June)  when  plants 
are  6  -  8"  tall.   Crop  irrigated  4-8  times 
by  furrows  from  April  to  October,   Crop  culti- 
vated 3-5  times,  beginning  in  April,  and 
continuing  to  last  of  June. 

Varieties;  Durango  (m.edium  long),  Mebane  Triumph  (short) 


Harvest 


Yields. 


V/hen:   Septentar  -  February 

Hov;  :  Picked  by  hand.  Shipped  to  public  gin  for  ginning 
and  baling  into  500#  bales. 


Good   :  IbOff   lint 
Usual  :  400f  " 

By-Froducts- 

Kind   :  Cotton  seed  and  linters  (fuzz  from  seed) 

Amount  :   Seed  =  10%   of  yield  figures,  linters  BOj^  per  ton 

\i/here  and  for  what  sold:   Stock  feed  and  oil 

Commercial  Sections- 

Imperial  and  ^iverside  Counties. 


NOTE: 


P^tio  of  lint  tc    seed  cotton  varies   from  28  to  SS/i.   1500#  seed 

cotton  required  to  1  bale  of  lint.      A  bale   of  lint  weighs  about   ^OOj^ 


4^ 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  COTTOM 
Value  of  Land- 

Lq^     0  200.00  per  acre 

„   ~ - 76.00 

"^"^^ 125.00    " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Irrigating  ^5Q 

Plowing  and  working  down  (03  -  6)  5*nn 

Seed      (  @  2  1/2  -    5^)    1  00          „ 

Sowing     (    35  -   bOci)    "^O 

Replanting  skips 3^[oo          " 

Growing- 
Thinning  with  hoes - o  no 

Cultivating l-ll         „ 

irrigating __ ^         ., 

Harvesting- 

Picking  (750  -   01.25)    1.00  per  100#  seed 

Hauling  (5  miles) ,    c^  n?"^!"" 

Ginning 1 ^'^^  P"^  ^°" 

.60  per  cv/t.   of 

Baling  and  ties ,   .^     ^^'^t  . 

]^.50  per  bale 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average   land T    „_ 

Good  land '.'.'.IIIV.  ]',l   P^^/*'^^ 

Market  Value  of  Yield  (Fiber) 

High  P^^ango     Short  Staple 

Low '^"^  P^"  ^^«   -14  per  lb, 

Average l^l^ll^Z "" '??    "     '^^  " 

.14    "     .11 

By  Products- 
Seed  (  !;15  -  20)  __.  ^  ic  «« 

^  0  15.00  per  ton 


(Read  rreiace)  43 

REQUIREl'^IJTS  PuiD  METHODS  OF  rrRO^'igMg  THE  FIG 

Climatic  Requirements- 

For  dried  figs:  Hot  dry  atmosphere  and  v/anr.  nights.   Temperature  to 

I'emain  abo-^'e  18°  at  all  times.   Sunshine  required 
to  prevent  sour  figs. 

For  fresh  figs:   Can  bo  grown  under  v/ider  range. 

Soil  Requirerr.ents- 

Surface  :  Rich  loam  soils  of  good  moisture  holding  capacity  best, 

altho  will  succeed  on  wide  range  of  types. 

Subsoil  :  No  rock  or  hardpan.   Ample  lime. 

Depth   :  5'  or  more.   (There  is  close  interrelation  between  ground 

water  and  souring.) 

Water  Requirenents-     Plenty  of  moisture  required  without  excess.     Excess  causes 

trouble   in  drying;  lack  reduces   size   of   figs. 

Setting  Out  and  Carir.g   for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


Distance  A^art   of  Trees 


Average  Number  per  Acre 
Time   of  Planting  Out  Trees    ; 
Age  to   Self- Sustaining  Crop; 
Age  to  Ilaturity  ; 

Most  Popular  Varieties 

for  Drying  ; 

Length  of  Profitable  Life      ; 
Calendar  of  Operations   to  Maturity: 


30    '    X  30'    Smyrna;   40*   x  40'    Adriatic; 
50'      X  50'   Ilission.      Majority  planted 
along  avenues, 

43,    27     or  17. 
February  -  March 
6-  8  years 
12  -  18  years . 

Smyrna  (Calimyrna) .Adriatic ,   Mission 
Estiinated   75  years. 


Irrigation 

Pruning 

Fertilizing 

Spraying 

Cultivating 


If  given,    by   furrows  -   May-   June, 

Pruned  annually  to    form  head. 

ilone 

Hone 

Plov/ed,   January-  March,  --orked  dov/n  into  good 

condition;    or  cultivated  as   required    fo: 

companion  crops. 
Companion  Cropping:  Not  much  done,    interplanted  occasionally 

v;ith   grapes,    sorgliuns,    grain  or  beans, 

if  vater  ?.nd    fertility  is  available. 

Can  be  practiced    for   four  years. 


44 


Caring   for  Bearing  Orchards- 


Calendar  of  Operations 


Caprification  : 
Irrigation  : 
Pruning  : 

Fertilizing  : 
Cultivating        : 


Fumigating 
Thinning  Fruit: 
Spraying  : 


(Smyrna)      March  and   June 

If  given,    by  furro-7s  -  f'ay  -June 

Tc   thin  out  -  Novei.iber-Fehruary . 

A  little  haphazard  corar.ercial    fertilizing  done. 

March  -April,    plowed   tc  kill  weeds  ard   harrowed 

dov;n.     Cultivated  4  times.        Board   smooth 

before  crop  ripens. 
IJone 

Net  done 
None  unless    for  moss    in  spring,    using  lime 

Bordeaux     or  crude  oil   emulsion. 


Karvest- 


Time   :  Fresh-  from  June  1  to  December  1. 
Dried-  August  20  -  October  20. 

Methods:  For  fresh  fruit-  Picked  by  hand,  carefully  severed  from 

tree  with  knife. 
For  dried  fruit-  Allowed  to  shrivel  on  trees  and  drop  off 

on  ground.   Picked  up  into  40  or  50# 
lug  boxes  and  hauled  to  drier. 

Preparing  for  Market: 

Fresh  :  Usually  packed  in  10#,  or  sometimes  20#  boxes,  single 

or  2  layer  boxes,  v/hen  fully  ripe. 
Sometimes  pasteboard  or  wood  wool  is 
used  for  backing.  Market  limited. 

Dried  :  Further  dried  on  trays,  stacked  and  covered.   After 

7-10  days,  dipped  in  brine,  returned 
tc  trays,   stacked  for  one  week,  then 
sorted  and  packed.   Adriatic?  sulphured, 


Yields- 


Smyrna  

Adriatics 2  1/2  tons 


Good 
2  tons 


Mission 


—     3  tons 


Usual 

1  1/2  tons 

2  tons 

2  1/2  tons 


NOTE: 


With  Smyrnas  1  Capri-fig  tree   required    for  every   25  -   50   Smyrnas 


(to   produce   Blastophaga  wasps) .   Do  not  take  up  orchard   space. 
Figs   should  be   grown   for  profit  v/here  both   fresh  and  dried    figs   are 
possible.      A  commercial   grower   in   such  sections  v/ill  probably 
ship  about  l/2  of  1^  as    fresh   fruit   (estimated). 
Commercial   Sections- 

Butte     County  Madera     County  Sutter     County 

Fresno  "  Merced  "  Tulare  " 

Imperial      "  Stanislaus   "  Yuba  " 


45 

COST  OF  PRODUCIHG  THE   ^IG 

Value  of  Land- 

Rav/  land- 

High  (with  water)    —0300.00  per  acre 

Low         "  "         100.00 

Usual      "  "         - -  150.00  " 

Developed   orchards- 
High  producing -   800.00 

Usual  "  -  400.00  " 

Cost   of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  water  right   included 

in  price   of  land 
Clearing,    grading,    leveling  land    for  planting-      18,00  " 

Trees - 800.00  " 

Setting  out -       4.00 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to   Self-Su staining  Age- 
Irrigating  (water  and   labor  C'2  -   16) 5,00 

Cultivating  (0  2-8)    5.00 

Pruning 1.00 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Cultivating  6,00 

Irrigating 16,00 

Caprifying  (Smyrna)  1,50 

Pruning 6.00 


II 


II 


II 


Cost  of  Harvest- 
Fresh  :  Picking  -- - -- -)  .12  l/2  per  20# 

Packing  and  -.varehouse  expense )  t)ox 

Hauling  (  2  miles) — -  .01      " 

Dried  :  Picking  -  — - .11  per  60#  field 

box 

Processing,   drying  and   sacking 6.00  per  dry  ton 

Hauling  (2  miles)   .50 


11 


Market  Value  o  f  Yield- 
Average  for  fresh  fruit .10  per  lb 

"    "  dried  fruit  -  Mission  - .02 

Adriatics .04   " 

Smyrna .06   " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity 2.00  per  acre 

After  Maturity- 
Average  land 4.00    " 

Good  land  5.00 


(Read  Preface)  46 

REQUIREMENTS   AITO  M3TH0DS  OF  GR9V/IMG  THE  GRAPE   (P-AISIN) 

Gliaatic  Requirements- 

Freedom   from  frequent  late   spring   frosts,   conditions   for  early- 
ripening  and    freedom    from  heavy   fall  rains  during 
ripening  and  harvest.      Four  or  six  v/eeks  of  dry  weath- 
er usually  required    following  picking  to   permit  proper 
drying . 

Soil  Requirements- 

Deep,    fertile  loan,    the  heavier  loams    for  muscats  and  the  lighter 

loans    for  sultana.        Freedom   from  alkali  and    standing 
r'ater  during  growing  season. 

Water  Requirements- 

Grape   secures  color  and   quality  when  grown  with    sufficient   rather 
than  excess  water   supply.     16"  is  average  minimum 
v/ithout  irrigation. 

Setting  out  and  Caring   for  Vineyards  to  Maturity- 

Distance  Apart  of  Vines        :      Short  prune     6'   x  12' 

Long         "  6'    X  12'    to   6'    x  16' 

Rows  run  east  and  west  18"   -   24' , 
Roads   left    foi'  hauling  north  and 
south  about  every  200' . 
:      6«    x  12'      --   600 
:      February    -  March 
Age  to  Self-?ustaining  Crop:   Autuan  of   3d  year. 

Length  of  Profitable  Life      :   Estimated   20  years    (in  absence  of  serious 

disease) 
:  Muscat,    Sultauina   (Thompson),    Sultana 


Average  Number  per  Acre 
Tine   of  Planting  Out 


Most  Popular  Varieties 

Calendar  of  Operations 

Irrigation      : 

Pruning  : 


Fertilizing 
Spraying 


Cultivation 


Companion  cropping 


Usually  one  irrigation;  ordinarily  given  in 

late  spring  (April) 
December-  Iviarch 

Pruned  to  either  spurs  or  canes  (if 

canes,  these  are  tied  to  stakes  or 

horiscntal  wires.   Suckered  in  May 

and  June. 
None 
April  -  June  -  sulphured  for  mildew,  one, 

tv/o  or  three  times,  except  the  first 

one  or  two  years. 
Plowed  and  cross  plowed  (January  -March) 

hoed  once  (June).  Harrowed  into  shape. 

Cultivated  six  times,  beginning  in  April 

at  monthly  intervals. 

Net  much  done.  During  1st  year  or  two 

occasionally  planted  to  bee.ns  or  sorghums, 


47 


Supports:   Sultanina  and  ether  trellised  varieties- 
Vines  tied  to  temporary  1  l/4"  x  1  l/4"x3 
stckes  -  later  to  permanent  trellis . 

Muscat  and  other  staked  varieties- 
Tied  to  2"  X  2"  X  4'  stakes. 


Care  of  Vineyards  after  Maturitv- 


Calendar 


of  Operations- 
Irrigation  : 

Spraying  ; 

Pruning  : 

Fertilizing  : 

Cultivating  : 

Fumigating  : 


UsueJly  one  irrigation;  ordinarily  given 

in  late  spring  (April) 
April  -  Jun3  -sulphured  for  mildev/  one 

two  or  three  times 
December  -  March  .  Muscats  pruned  to 

short  spurs.   Sultanina  to  fruit  canes, 

and  renewal  spurs. 
Occasionally  a  little  fertilizing  done, 

principally  as  applications  of  grape 

pomace,  green  manures  and  stable 

manu  re  s 
January  -  March.  Plowed,  cross  plowed  and 

harrowed  into  good  shape.   Cultivated 

four  times  at  monthly  intervals,  beginning 

in  April.  Hoe  one  time  around  vines  in 

June. 
None 


Thinning  Fruit :Not  done 


Harvest- 


Yields- 


Time    :   August  20  -  October  1 

Method  :  Clusters  cut  by  hand. 

Preparing  for  Market:   Spread  on  trays  holding  22#  (2'  x  3') 

placed  in  the  rows,  cured,  sortad, 
delivered  to  raisin  packing  house, 
the  Sacramento  Valley  the  Sultanina  are 
dipped  and  dried  in  a  drying  yard. 


and 

In 


Good 
Usual 


1  1/2  tons  raisins 


;on 


3y-Products» 

A  second  crop,  in  case  of  muscats,  sold  to  winery. 
Equal  to  20/J  of  crop. 

Commercial  Sections- 

Counties  tributary  to  Fresno,  middle  Sacramento  Valley,  San  Diego 
and  San  Gabriel  Valley. 


NOTE: 


With  vines  too  young  to  bear,  cultivation  should  cease  in  time 
to  permit  the  ripening  of  wood  before  autumn  frosts. 


48 
COPT  OF  PRODUCING  TH^  C-R.'^E   (RAISIN) 

Value  of  Land- 

Raw- 

Kigh - 0300.00  per  acre 

Lov;   -- 50.00          " 

Usual --- -   150.00 

Developed  vineyards- 

HiB;h  producing - --•• 400.00  " 

Usual  "  300.00  " 

Cost   of  Establishing  Vineyards- 
Irrigation  system  or  water  right   included  in 

price  of  land- 
Clearing,    leveling  and  preparing  10.00          " 

Vines   (    rooted  ©  02O   per  M  )    10.00 

Setting  out - 6.00          " 

Replanting   (vines  and   labor)    5.00          " 

Annual  Cost   from  Setting  out  to    Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivation   (05  -  8)    7.00 

Stakes   or  trellis   (   1st   year)    20,00 

Tying 1.50 

Pruning  2  years  total  3.00 

Sulphuring  2  years  total  1.50 

Hoeing       "       "   ^ ?.00    " 

Burning  brush  (2nd  year)   -SO 

.'innual  Upkeep  after'  Maturity- 
Sulphuring  2  tiraes 1.25 

Cultivating   (    0^  -  8)    7.00          || 

Pruning  and  burning  brush-Muscats 4.50 

-Sultaaina - 10.00 

Suckering 1.00 

Tying  -   Sultanina  2.50 

Koeing  -  Muscats 2. CO 

-   Sultanina 4.00 

Cost   of  Harvest- 
Gathering  (07  -  16)    - 10.00  per__dry  ton 

Handling  trays  1.50 

■Turning  and    stacking 1.25 

packing  in  lugs 1.25 

Hauling   (    4  miles)    1-00 

Market  Value   of  Yield- 

High - -06  1/2  per  lb 

Low .02                II 

Average   -03  1/4 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity - - - 1-50  per^  acre 

After  Maturity-     Average  land   2.00         " 

Good   land 3.0C 


ti 
It 
II 
II 


(Read  Preface)  49 

REQUIREI^ffiMTS  ATJD  PffiTHODS  OF  GRC'TOMG  THE  C-RAPg   (lABLE) 
Climatic   Requirements- 

Freedom  from  late   spring  frosts,    fsdl   rains  during  ripening,   and 

harvest,   and   sudden  changes  in  temperature. 
Climate  determines  varieties. 

For  extra  early:     Early  starting  weather  and  high  mean  daily  spring 

temperature. 

For  late:     Absence  of   fall   frosts  and  rains. 

Soil  Requirements- 

Deep,    fertile,    sandy  loa-m,    altho  not  particular.     Freedom  from  alkali 

and    standing  water  during  growing  season. 

Water  Requirements- 

Grape  secures  color  (see  note)   and    quality  when  grown  with  sufficient 

rather  than  excess  water  supply.      16"  is   average  mini- 
mum \7ithout  irrigation. 

Setting  Out  and  Cgring   for  Vineyards  to  Maturity- 

Distance  Apart  of  Vines 


Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  o  f  Planting  Out 

Age  to   Self-Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 


Most  Popular  Varieties 

Calendar  of  Operations 
Irrigation       : 


Pruning 


9'  X  9'  to  12'  X  12';  about  every  200' 

a  row  north  and  south  is  omitted  for 

hauling  lane. 
300  to  500 
January  -  March 
4  years  (autumn) 
7  years 
Estimated  30  years  (  in  absence  of  serious 

disease) 
Tokay,  Malaga,  Emperor,  Sultanina  (Thompson) 

Muscat 


Fertilising 
Spraying 


Cultivation 


Little  done,  except  in  the  regular  irrigating 
sections,  v;here  one  irrigation  is 
usually  given  in  late  spring  (April) 

December-  March.  Pruned  to  result  in  grapes 

being  kept  off  the  ground.   All  varie- 
ties are  tied  to  stakes.   Suckered  in 
spring  and  summer  (May  -  June) 

None 

April  -   July,    sulphured    for  mildew,   one,    two 
or  three  times  except  the    first   year 
or  tv/o. 

Plowed  and   cross   plowed    (January-  March)   hoed 
once  or  twice   (June)  ,    Harrov/ed   into 
shape,    cultivated     6  times  at  monthly 
intervals    from  April  to  August. 


50 


Coripanion  Cropping    :   Not  much  dene.      During   first  year  or 

two  occasionally  planted  to  beans  or 
sorghum. 

Supports        :     Vines  are  tied   to   stakes  2"  x  2"  x  6'. 

Caring   for   Bearing  Vineyards- 

Calendar  of  Operations- 


Irrigation 

Spraying 
P  runing 

Fertilizing 

Cultivating 

Fumigating 


If  in  irrigated  region,  one  irrigation  is  given 

in  late  spring  (April).  Probably  50/^ 

raised  -vithout  irrigation. 
April  -  July,  sulphured  for  mildew  one,  tv/o 

or  three  times 
December  -  March,  Spur  pruning  most  usual: 

Tokays  average  3  bud  spurs,  Malaga  and 

Emperor  average  4  bud  spurs. 
Occasionally  a  little  done-  principally  as 

applications  of  grape  pomace,  green  and 

stable  manures. 
January-  March,  plov;ed ,  cross-plowed  and  harro7/ed 

into  good  shape.   Cultivated  four  times, 

from  April  at  monthly  intervals.  Hoed 

one  time  around  vines  in  June. 
Hone 


Thinning  Fruit:  Little  done. 


Harvest- 


Time        :      June  15,   until   first  hea^'y  rains    (about   November  15) 
Method    :      Carefully  cut  by  hand.   Placed   in  single  layers   in  wide, 

shallow  boxes.     Vines   gone  over  several 

times. 
Preparing  for  Market:   Packed   into  crates  holding  4  baskets,   total 

v/eight  3 Ojif,/ shipped    in   refrigerator  cars. 
/     net   25#i. 


=1  of  Different  Grades- 


Yield  s- 


Packed 

Culls 


Good 
Usual 


60/o 


or 


80% 
ZOfo 


Totals     (Packed   and   culls) 


7  tons 
5     " 


Culls  sold  to  winery 


By-Products- 


Culls   sold  to  winery  or  dried    for  raisins 
Commercial   Sections- 


NOTS: 


Imperial  Co.  Merced  Co,  Sacramento  Co.,  San  Joaquin  Co, 
Santa  Cruz  Co.,  Tulare  Co.  and  Yolo  Co, 

Color  is  the  predominant  characteristic  of  table  grapes  and  is  greatly 

affected  by  soil  and  temperature.  The  hotter  the  climate  the  lighter 
the  color.   See  note  p.  47. 


51 
C03T  OF  PRODUCIMG  THE  TABLE  GRAPE 

Value  of  Land- 
Raw  land- 

High $  300.00  per  acre 

Low  -' 25,00    " 

Average  ----" 100.00    " 

Developed'  Vineyard<3- 

High  producing 500.00    " 

Usual    "    300.00    " 

Cost  of  Establishing  Vineyaid- 

Irrigation  system  included   in  price   of  land 
Clearing,    grading  and   leveling  land    for 

planting  {;^8  -   20) ---  10.00          " 

Vines    (®  (:.20  -  per  M)    -- 10.00          " 

Setting  out .___, 6.00          " 

Replanting   (vines  and  labor)    5.00          " 

Annual  Cost    from  Settin*?;  0".t  to  Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivation   (C'6  -  10)    7.00          " 

Stakes  (1st  year)  10.00    " 

Tying - 1.50 

Pruning  (2  years)  total 3.00    " 

Sulphuring  "       "  1.50    " 

Hoeing      "       "  2.00    " 

.     .         Irrigating   (    02-   6)   4.00          " 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Sulphuring  3  times 2.00    " 

Cultivation 7.00    " 

Pruning  and  burning  brush 5.00    " 

Suckering — 1.00    " 

Tying  (  none  after  7th  year) 1.00    " 

Hoeing  -- - 2.00 

Irrigating  (  02-  6)  4.00 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  (  shipping  grapes) .05  per  crate 

Packing  and  warehouse  expense  ,07    " 

Crate  and  baskets ,10    " 

Hauling  (3  miles)  .01    " 

Market  Value  of  Yield-  (f.o.b.) 

High  (Eastern  shipments 2.00  per  crate 

(From  packing  house  delivered  in  bulk 25.00  per  ton 


52 


i^arket  Value  of  Yield  (cont.) 

Low  (Eastern  shipments)  '• 0  .25  per  crate 

(From  packing  house  delivered  in 

bulk) 7.50  per  ton 

Average  (Eastern  shipments) .50  per  crate 

(From  packing  house  delivered 

in  bulk) 15,00  per  ton 

By-Products- 
Culls  - - - - 3  tons  ©  07     (05-   10) 

Cost  to  handle 02.75  per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity 1,50  per  acre 

After  Maturity  - 

Average  land 2.00        " 

Good   land - —         3.00 


(Read  Preface)  53 

REQUIREMEOTS  AND  M3TH0DS  OF  GROV/ING  THE  GRAPE   (DRY  WINE) 

Climatic  Requirements' 

Sane  as  other  grapes.   Freedom  from  late  spring  frosts,  fall  rains 

during  ripening,  and  harvest,  and  sudden  changes 
in  temperature.   Ripening  during  cool  weather 
(to  promote  acidity  and  provide  wine  making 
temperature) 

Soil  Requirements- 

If  deep,  well  drained,  preferably  gravelly  soils,  vine  is "not  particular. 

Gentle  hill  slopes  are  best  for  wine  grapes. 

Water  Eequirements- 

Grape  secures  color  and  quality  vhen  grov/n  with  sufficient  rather  than 

excess  v/ater  supply.  Need  ,  however,  15  -  25"  of 

water. 
Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Vineyards  to  Maturity - 


Distance  Apart  of  Vines    :   8'  x  8'  to  10'  x  10 
■  '      ■     every  !^00'  for  hauling  lane. 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out  ' 

Age  to  Self-Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity  ■ 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 

Most  Popular  Varieties 


A  row  omitted  about 


440  -  650 

January  -  March 

3  years  (autumn) 

7  years. 

Estimated  30  years  (in  absence  of  disease) 

Zinfandel,  Petite  Sirah ,  Carignane  (Red) 
Burger,  Palomino,  Seraillon  (White) 


Calendar  of  Ooerations 


Irrigation 
Pruning 


Fertilizing 

Spraying 

Cultivation 


Little  done 

December-  March  after  1st  year,      Pruned   to    either 
spurs  or  canes;'  canes  tied  to    stakes, 
Suckered   in   summer. 
Occasionally  grape  pomace,    green  and  stable 

manure  applied. 
April  15- June,    sulphured    for  mildews   one,    tv/o    or 
three  times,    cixcept    first   year  or  two. 
Plowed   and   cross  plowed    (January-  March),   hoed 

once   (June) .      Harrowed   into    shape.      Culti- 
vated  5  times  at     semi-monthly  intervals, 
beginning  in  April 


54 


Companion  Cropping  :  Practically  none. 

Supports   :   Short  pruning-  Vines  are  tied  to  stakes 

2"  X  Z"   X  4' 

Long     "   -  Vines  are  tied  to  stakes 

2"  X  2"  X  6' 


Care   of  Vineyards  after  liaturity- 


Calendar  of  Operations- 
Irrigation 
Spraying 
Pruning 
Fertilizing 
Cultivating 


Fumigating 


Very  little  done 

Api'il  15   -   June   -   sulphured    for  mildew  2-   5  times 

December  -  March 

Same  as    for  young  vines. 

January  -  March,     plowed,    cross-plowed   and 

harrowed   into  good    shape.     Cultivated 
two   to    five  times  at   semi-monthly 
intervals,  beginning   in  April,    hoed 
one  time  around  vinen  in  June, 

None 


Thinning  Fruit:  Not  done 


Ha)rvest- 


Time   :   September  1  -  November  1 

Method  :  Clusters  gathered  by  hand  into  40^   lug  boxes. 

Preparing  for  Market:  Hauled  in  lug  boxes  to  v/inery. 

Yields- 


Good 
Usual 


6  tons 
3   " 


By-Products- 


None 


Commercial  Sections- 


Bay  Counties  (  Alameda,  Contra  Costa,  Lake,  tularin,  Napa, 

Solano,  Sonoma  Counties) 
San  Joaquin  County 
Santa  Clara  Valley  (  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz  Counties. 


NOTE: 


See  footnote,  p.  47. 


Il 


V  E  »^  =  ^  ^  "^ 


55 
COST  07  PRODUCING  mV.E  GRAPES 

Value   of  Land- 

Raw  land- 

Kigh  — 0300.00  per  acre 

Low 50.00  " 

Average-  — - 150.00 

Developed  Vineyard s- 

High  producing  400.00 

Average        "         — 200.00 


If 


Cost   of  Sstabliohing  Vineyards- 
Irrigation  system  or  water  right  included 
in  price  of  land 

Clearing,    leveling  and    preparing  15,00  " 

Vines   (rooted   resitant  vines  0     i^60  per  M)--       40.00  " 

Setting  out - 79.$t5 

Replanting  (vines  and   labor)    6.00  " 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to    Self- Sustaining  Age- 


II 


Cultivating 7.00 

Stakes  (Is'^  year) 20.00 

Tying ' 1,50 

Pruning,    2   years  total  3.00         " 

Sulphuring,      "            "       1,50 

Koeing                "            "       — 2.00 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Sulphuring  three  tines 2,00    " 

Cultivation 7.00 

Pruning  and  burning  brush — Short  4.00    " 

Long - 6.00 

Suckering 1.09-   " 

Tying  and  rope —  long 2.50    " 

Short 1.00 

Hoeing -- 2.00 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  ■ 2.00  per  ton 

Hauling  (  5  miles)  ' 1.00    " 

I'iarket  Value  of  Yield- 
High  25.00 

Lo7/ -—  8.00 

Average 15.00          " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity 1.50  per  acre 

After  Maturity-          Average   land 2.00          " 

Good   land 3.00          " 


(Read  Preface)  56 

REOUIRMENTS   AND  IJETHODS'  OF  GRO\;t:NG  HAY 
(From  cultivated  cereals) 

Time  to  Maturity-         4  to  6  months 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Barley   :      Heavier  soil  types,   presence  of  organic  matter,    less  than 

.25  of  1;<.  alkali. 
Vi/heat      :      Same  as  barley,    but  requires  mere   organic  matter. 
Oats        :      Same   as  barley,    more   benefitted   by  heavy  soils. 

Climatic   Requirements- 


Barley 

ll/heat 

Oats 


Withstands  very  dry,    hot  weather,    and  limited   rainfall. 
Requires  nore  water  and  •.vill   stand    less  heat  than  barley. 
Requires  a  ccol,    relatively  humid   climate.      Bsst  adapted 
to   Coast   regions. 


Water  Requirements   and   Irrigation' 
Barley 
Wheat 


Oats 


If  rainfall  less  than  18"  summer  fallowed  every  2nd  year, 

25  -  30"  optimum.  Only  6  l/2/^  of  acreage  irrigated. 

Requires  more  moisture  than  barley.   Only  -\.1$   of  acreage 
irrigated. 

Requires  more  moisture  than  v/heat.  Only  3,1/^  of  acreage 
irrigated. 


Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed:   November-  February  plov/ed  4  -  6"  deep.  Disked 

or  harrowed  before  planting. 
Planting: 

Time:   November  15  -  April  1; 
Quantity:   60  -  100# 

Method  and  Distance:   Drilled  or  broadcasted.  Disked  or 

harrowed  after  planting. 


Varieties- 

Barley 

:      Common  California 

Chevalier 

Oats 

:      Common  California 

ti                   II 

V.'heat 

:     Yfnite  Australian 

Defiance 

Rye 

Black 


57 


Harvest- 


Time      :     May  -   June 

Method:      Mowed,    raked,  cocked,    left  until  cured,    stacked 
(or  baled   if   for  market) 


Yields- 


Good 
Usual 


2  tons 
1  ton 


By-Products- 


Kind      :      Stubble 

Where  and    for  what   sold:     Pasture 


Commercial   Sections- 
Wheat      : 


Oats 


Barley 


Contra  Costa  County. 
San  Luis  Obispo   " 
Madera  '         " 
Monterey  " 

Coast   Counties 
Madera  County 
Sari  Joaquin," 
Stanislaus     " 
Merced  " 

Madera     County 
Merced  " 

Monterey         " 
San  Joaquin   " 


NOTE: 


Cereals  are  not  as  a  rule  grown  primarily  for  hay.   Theyaare  raised 
primarily  for  grain  but  cut  for  hay  only  if  season  or  rust 
indicates  field  will  not  make  grain,  or  if  the  market  indicates 
that  grain  will  be  low  in  price.   An  exception  are  some  of  the 
foothill  lands. 


58 


COST  0?  PR0D7Ci:'G  HAY 
(From  Cuiltiva^ed  Cereals) 


Value  of  Land- 


High  OlOO.OO  per  acre 

Lot; - 40.00 

Usual  - - 60,00          " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land   and  planting- 
Preparing  land   1,75            " 

Seed    (G  1  1/2^^)    - 1.00 

Plantijig  (broadcasted)-- .15           " 

Harrowing  after  planting .35            " 

Harve^ting- 

Mowing .50  per  acre 

Raking— - -- .25 

Cocking .20  per  ton 

Stacking - —  .50 

-  or  - 

Baling 1.75 

Hauling 1.00    " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 1.00  per  acre 

Good  land 1.50    " 

Market  Value   of  Yields- 
High 15.00   per  ton 

Lov; 6,00          " 

Average -- 10.00 

3y-Productg- 

Stubble   (10-    500)    — - - .25  per  acre 


(Read  Preface)  59 

REQUIRELIEMTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GR0'.7IMG  HAY 
(From  Volunteer  Cereals) 

Time  to  Maturity;-    5  to  6  months 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Barley     :     Heavier  soil  types,   presence  of  organic  matter,    less  than 

.25   of  if,  alkali. 
Wheat        :     Same  as  barley,   but  requires  more  organic  matter. 
Oats  :      Same   as  barley,   more  benefitted   by  heavy   soils. 

Climatic   Requirements- 


Barley 

Wlieat 
Oats 


Withstands  very  dry,    hot  weather  and   limited  rainfall. 
Requires  more  water,    and  v;ili  stand  less  heat  than  barley. 
Requires  a.  cool,    relatively  humid  climate.      Best  adapted 
to   Coast  regions. 


Water  Requirements  and  Irrigation- 

Barley     :      If  rainfall   less  than  18"   siJiramer   fallowed    every  2nd   year, 

25  -   30"  optimum.      Only  6  1/2^^  of  acreage 

irrigated . 
VJVieat        :      Requires  more  moisture  than  barley.    Only  4.7^  of  acreage 

irrigated. 
Oats  :      Requires  more  moisture  than  wheat.      Only  3.1^^  of  acreage 

irrigated. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Planting:      None.      Seeded  automatically  by  last  year's   shattering. 

Crop  grovm  without  cultivation. 

Varieties: 

Barley 
Wheat 
Oat  s 

Time :  May  -  June 

Method:  Mov;ed,  raked,  cocked,  left  until  cured,  stacked,  or 
baled  if  for  market. 


Harvest 


Yields- 


ll 


Good   :  1  1/2  tons 
Usual  :   3/4  ton 


CO 


By-Products- 

Kind      :      Stubble 

Where  and    for  vhdt   sold:     Pasture. 

Ccmmercial  Secticns- 

Barley      :     Merced,  Monterey,    San   o^oaquin  Counties, 

Wheat        :     Madera,  L'lonteray,    and   Sa"  Luis  Obispo   Counties, 

Oats  :     Ivlerced,  Sa.n  Joaquin  and   Stanislaus  Counties. 

IIOTE; 

Cereals  are  not  as   a  rule   groVTn  primarily  for  hay.      They  are 
raised    for  grain  ard   cut    for  hay  only  if  season 
indicates  that    field  will  make  only  poor  grain 
crop,    or  if  market  points  to  low  prices   ruling 
for  grain. 


61 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  HAY 
(Froni  volunteer  cereals) 

Value   of  Land- 

Kigh 0200.00  per  acre 

Low 20.00          " 

Usual 60.00 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Harvesting- 

Mowing .50         " 

Raking .25          " 

Cocking .20   per  ton 

Stacking .50         " 

-   cr  - 

Baling  (Cl.50   -   2.50) - 2.00 

Hauling  (5  miles)    1.00          " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

Average  land    1.00   per  acre 

Good  land 1.50 

Market  Value  of  Yields- 
High  18.00  per  ton 

Low 4.00 

Average 6.00         " 

By-Products- 
Stubble   (    10  -   50Qt)    .25   per  acre 


(Read  Preface)  62 

RE9UIRZ\g::iTS  and  methods  of  GROmNG  HOPS 
Time  to  Maturity-         1st  year  a  yield   of   250     -   300#  is   secured. 

Life-  Not   known  definitely  (some  yards  are  25  years  old  and 

doing  well. 

Soil  Requirements-       Black,    rich,   alluvial,   sandy  loam  of  excellent  moisture 

retaining  properties,   at  least  6'    in  depth.      Old 
river  bottoms  best. 

Climatic  Requirements-        Hot   sunny  weather  d-oring  grov/ing  season. 

7/ater  Requirements  and  Irrigation-     Plenty  of  moisture  ^vithout  excess  required. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Pre paring  for  Planting:      January  -  March  plowed  8",    cross  plowed  and 

put  in  shape    for  planting. 
Planting    : 

Time  :      January  -April 

Quantity:      650  -   2,000  vines 

Method   and  Distance:      1-3   roots  tc  a  hill,   hills  6'    x  5'    to 

8'    X  3'  .        1   starninate  vine  planted 

for  every  100  vines. 

Care  1st  year: 

Cultivated  1st  year  4-8  times.  Cultivation  ceqses  by  July  15. 
High  trellis  system  set  and  vines  trained  to  it. 
High  pole  system  consists  of  6"  x  6"  poles  16'-20' 
above  ground,  set  36  to  48'  apart,  strung  r'ith 
trellis  wire  used  overhead  and  2  or  3  cotton  strings 
from  hill  to  trellis. 

Lov;  pole  system  consists  of  a  pole  at  every  hill, 
8'  above  ground,  and  strings  stretched  criss-cross 
from  pole  to  pole 

Care  after  1st  year: 

After  1st  year  plowed  2  to  4  times  8  -  12"  deep,  Marc h- June .  and 
cultivated  until  July  1st.  Vines  trained  annually 
in  April  and  May.  Pruned  after  harvest  is  over  in 
February  -  March.   Sometimes  sprayed  for  lice  or 
sulphured  for  spider. 

Varieties : 

Not  segregated. 


63 


Harvest   : 


When      :      Augus-t  -  September 

HoV7        :     Picked  by  hand 

Operations    :     Dried   in  kilns  O  160  to  175°      for   9-12  hours 

with   sulphur   fuues.     Baled   in  200# 

bales   (180#  net) ,      '     • 

Dry  3   1/4-3    1/2   to   1 


Yields- 


Good   :   2,000# 

Usual  :  1,400# 

Commercial  Sections- 

Mend  oc  in  o 

County 

Sonoma 

II 

Tehama 

II 

Yuba 

t» 

Tl 


64 

COST  OF  PROUJCPIG  HOPS 

Value   of  Land- 

RsNi  land- 

High OlOOO.OO  per  acre 

Lo^' - --- 300.00 

Usual -- - 400.00 

Developed   land- 
Best  1000.00 

Good — - 600.00 

Usual - 400.00 

Cost  of  Establishing  Yard    (1st   year) 

Preparing  land    for  planting 6.00 

Roots     (^3  -   5   per  thousand) 10.00 

Planting  and  training  1st  year 18.00 

l^ine - - 7.50 

Cultivation - 3.00 

Poles,  wires  and  installing  trellis- 
High  pole  75.00 

Low   "   — -• — —  25,00 

Annual  Cost  of  Established  Yard  (one  year  from 

planting- 
Stringing,  pruning,  suckering,  hoeing 

((,14  -  20),  training  and  pegging 18.00 

String- 
High  pole -  7.50 

Low   "  - - -  3.00 

Spraying 3.00    " 

Plo-.ving  and  cultivating 10.00 

Cost  of  Harvesting- 
Picking  - 

Green  - - - .01  per  lb 

On  dry  basis  —  ,03  l/4  per  lb. 

Drying  (  3/4  to  la   per  lb)  .00  3/4  per  lb 

on  dry  basis 

Baling  (  l/4  -  l/2ci  per  lb)  - .00  l/4  per  lb. 

Hauling  (5  miles)  1.00  per  ton 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  .45  per  lb. 

Low  .02    " 

Average  — .14    " 

NOTE:  Prices   fluctuate   greatly   from  year  to  year 

Taxes   and  Insurance- 

1st  year 4,00  per  acre 

After  1st  year- 
Average   land 4.00          " 

Good   land 5.00 


(Read   Preface) 

KEOUIP.EffiNTS  AMD  MSTHODS  OF  aRC?JI!IG  THE  LEKON 
Climatic    Requirements- 

In  General:     Requires   less  heat,    but  stands   less    frost  than  orange, 
Soil  Requirements- 


65 


Surface 
Subsoil 
Depth 


Rich,  fertile  clay  loam 

Open,  no  hard pan,  no  black  alkali, 


or  more. 


Water  Requirements- 


'onstant  r^upply  of  moisture,  tree  is  evergreen  and  a 
heavy  user  of  water.   Total  of  45  acre  inches  from 
rainfall  and  irrigation. 


Setting"  Out  and  Carinr:  for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


Distance  Apart  of  Trees 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to  Self- Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Most  Popular  Varieties 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 


24'  X  24' 

75 

March  -  May  (April  best) 

8  years 

12  years 

Eureka,  Lisbon 

Estimated  50  years. 


Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity; 


Irrigation 


Pruning 


To  keep  constant  moisture  supply  available  all  year 
round.  This  means  irrigating  every  6  to  8 
weeks  from  May  to  November  while  trees  are  small. 


:  Pruned  to  shapely  head  2nd  year  during  February,  then 
annually  dead  limbs  removed,  and  suckers  and 
water  sprouts  shortened  or  removed.  Headed  back 
to  increase  strength  of  limb  and  cause  fruit  to 
be  borne  nearer  axis. 

Fertilizing  :  As  soils  lack  body,  they  need  chemical  fertilizers, 

manure  and  green  manure  crops.   Fertilizers  put 
on  in  fall  and  spring;  green  manure  crops  grovm 
from  August  or  September  to  February  or  March, 
v/hen  plowed  under. 

Spraying    :  Depends  on  presence  of  fungi  or  insects. 

Cultivation  (for  young  trees:  If  no  conipanion  crops  are  grown, 

plo'."'ed  two  ways  in  February  and  March  to  turn 
under  v/eeds  and  green  manure  crops.  Cultivated 
tv.'o  times  bet^/een  irrigations.   Expense  of  cul- 
tivation occasionally  tome  by  companion  crops. 

Companion  Cropping  :  Beans  for  1,  2  or  3  years;  if  sufficiait  water 

and  fertility  is  available,  cabbage,  nursery  stoo!i 
beans,  chili  peppers,  corn  and  sometimes  alfalfa^ 
Never  strawberries. 


66 


Caring;  for  Bearing  Orchards- 
Calendar  o  f  Operations. 


Irrigation 
Pruning 

Fertilizing 


Cultivation 


Fumigating 


Every  4  weeks  from  April  to  November 

Once  in  fall  to  open  tree 

Once  in  spring  to  remove  suckers  (June) 

Manure  and  chemical  fertilizers  used,  the  practice 
varying.   Cover  crop  of  rye,  bitter  clover,  or 
alfalfa  planted  in  August  or  September,  irrigated 
every  two  weeks,  and  plo'-ved  under  in  February  or 
March. 

Plowed  both  ways  in  spring  8"  deep,  cultivated 
tv'o  times  betv/een  irrigations. 

Once  in  one  or  tv/o  years  for  scale  v/ith  cyanide  of 
sodium  or  cyanide  of  potassium.  Done  by  con- 
tract.  Not  necessary  in  scale  free  districts. 

Time:  From  middle  of  July  to  January  1. 


Thinning  Fruit:  Not  done,  tree  crov/ded  to  carry  all  fruit  v;hich  sets 

by  cultivating,  fertilising  and  irrigating. 

Spraying      :  Sometimes  for  scale,  but  usually  fumigation  takes 

,     pla.ce  of  spraying.   Always  spray  for  red  spider. 


Harvest- 


Time   :  Average  10  pickings  a  year. 

Method:  Carefully  cut  by  hand,  sizes  2  l/4"  in  winter  and  2  l/S"  in 

summer. 

Preparing  for  Market:  Washed,  sorted,  packed  and  ripened.   Boxes  11"  x 

14  l/2"  X  27"  (outside  measurements)  holding 
219  to  490  lemons  -  graded  according  to  size. 
Weight  z   84#  gross,  lejf   net,  396  boxe?  per 
standard  car. 
In  fall,  to  take  advantage  of  high  prices,  all 
lemons  are  artificially  colored  and  rushed  to 
market.  In  ?/intor,  the  plan  is  to  retard  ripening. 


>  of  Different  Grades 

Pac  king  fruit   : 
Culls         :  10^^ 
Yields  of  Different  Grades. 


9  of. 


Good 
Usual 


300 

150 


packed  boxes 


Commercial  Sections- 


Los  Angeles  County 
Orange        " 
Riverside      " 


San  Bernardino  County 
San  Diego        " 
Ventura         " 


II 


67 
COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  LEMOM 

Value  of  Land- 
Raw  land- 
High  (with  water)    01,200.00  per  acre 

Low                  "              250.00          " 

Usual              "               - 500.00 

Developed  orchards- 
High  producing -     4.000.00         " 

Usual  "       -- -     1,000.00 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  v;ater  right   included    in  cost 
of  land- 

Fluming  (concrete  pipe) 15,00          " 

Clearing,    grading  and    leveling  land   for  planting 20.00          " 

Trees 75.00         " 

Setting  out 5.00         " 

Annual   Cost    from  Setting  Out  to  Self- Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivation  and   irrigation  20.00          " 

Fertilizing 10.00 

Pruning,    pro  rata 2.50 

Water - -- 7.00          " 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Plowing  and   cultivating  25.00         " 

Water — --- 20.00          " 

irrigating — 6.00         " 

Cover  crop     — 5.00          " 

Fertilizer  and  Manure    (0-  OlOO) 65.00          " 

Pruning  15.00          " 

Fumigating  (once  in  tv/o   years    -  [30)    15.00         " 

Smudging  (4  times) 20.00         " 

spraying 7.50          " 

Other  tree  care 5.00          " 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  .25  per  box 

Hauling   (4  miles)    .04         " 

Packing  and  warehouse  expense .60         " 

Market  Value  of  Yield    (f.o.b.) 

High 3.75   per  box 

Low - - 1.25 

Average 2.50          " 

Taxes  and   Insurance- 

To  Maturity 5.00  per  acre 

After  Maturity- 
Average  land   10.00          " 

Good  land   20.00          " 


(Read  Preface)  68 

REOUIRSr-El'TrS  AND  METHOES  QF  GF.QWLm  OkTS 
Time  to  Maturity-    165  days 
Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface:  Heavier  soil  types  24"  in  depth,  presence  of  organic  matter, 

less  than  ,25  of  1%   of  alkali  (Same  as  barley,  but 
more  benefitted  by  heavy  soils) 

Climatic  Requirements- 

Requires  a  cool,  relatively  humid  climate.  Best  adapted  to  Coast  regions, 

Water  Requirements- 

Requires  more  moisture  than  other  cereals.   32"  optimum.  Only  3,1^  of 

acreage  irrigated. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed:  November  -  February  plovred  4  -  8"  deep.   Disked 

or  harrowed  before  planting. 
Planting  : 

Time    :  November  15  to  February  1. 
Quantity:  110;^  broadcast 

80#  drilled 
Method  and  Distance:  Broadcasted  and  harrowed  in,  or  drilled. 

Varieties: 

Common  California  Red 

Black 
Lincoln  (\7hite) 

Harvest  : 

When   :   June  15  to  September  1st. 
How   :  By  heading  in  fog  belts 

By  combines  in  Valley 

By  binders  in  special  sections 


Operations:  Threshed  either  from  shock  by  stationary  outfit,  or 
in  combined  harvester. 


Yields- 


Good   :  1,500# 

Usual   :    900# 
3y-Products- 

Kincv   :   Stubble  and  baled  strav; 

Amount  :   Depends  on  lodging  and  method  of  harvest. 

Where  and  for  v;hat  sold  : 

Stubble:  Feed  (25!^  per  acre) 

Straw   :   6-8  bales, value  35ji  a  bale  (costs  ISd   to  bale) 
Commercial  Sections- 

Cost  counties,  Contra  Costa,  Monterey,  San  Mateo,  Sonoma  Counties. 

■  •'  Treating  seed  for  smut  is  so  important  that  its  cost  is 
included. 


59 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  OATS 

Value   of  Land- 

High C25C.00  per  acre 

Low -- 25.00          " 

Usual - - -  100.00          " 

Cost   of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Plowing  1.75          " 

Harrowing  before   seeding  .25         " 

Seed    (  ©  20) —  2.00          " 

Treating  seed .04          " 

Broadcasting  ,15          " 

Karro7/ing  after  seeding ,35         " 

Harvest- 
Combined  harvester 2.00          " 

Sacks   .08  each 

Irvine .004  per  sack 

Hauling  (10  ailes)    1.00     per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land   1.00  per  acre 

Good    land - 1.50          " 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  1,75  per  cwt. 

Low     - - —  1.25 

Average 1.35         " 


(Read  Preface) 

RECUIPEi^NTS   A?JD  IgTHCD?   OF  GROWING  THE  OLIVE 


70 


Climatic  Reauirements- 


In  General; 


6200  -  7200°  F.  required  to  ripen  crop.   (Add  mean  tempera- 
tures for  all  months  fron  blossoming  to  ripening  time. 
Divide  by  number  of  months.  Multiply  by  n'omber  of  days.) 
Dry  climate,  free  from  too  much  moisture  in  air  and 
frosts  when  berries  are  on  trees.   Temperature  never 


to  drop  belov.'  20°  F.  and  no  frosts  from  middle  of 
April  to  middle  of  December. 


Soil  Requirements- 
Surface  :  Best 


Subsoil 
Depth 


is  soft,  v/arm,    friable,    light   sandy  loam  (wide  range, 
hov/ever. 
Moderately  moist,  v/ell  drained,   abundance   of  lime  and   potash. 
8'    or  more    (many  successful   orchards  on   shallow;  soils.) 


Water  Requirements-  b 

Not  as  much  attention   given  as  should  be.     Usually  needs  30  acre   inches 

of  water  to   produce  profitably.    (Varies  with  depth 
and   character  of  soils.) 

Setting  Out  and  C?xinK   for  Orchards  to  I.laturity- 


Distance   Apart  of  Trees 

Average  Number  per  Aero 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to   Self-Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Most  Popular  Varieties 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 


30'  X  30' 

48 

February  -  April 
7  years 
:|0  28  years 

Mission,  Manzanillo ,  Escolano 
Estimated  to  be  hundreds  of  years. 


Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity: 

Irrigation   :  To  koep  constant  moisture  supply  available  all  year 

round.   This  means  irrigating  every  6  to  8  weeks 
from  May  to  Nover.ber,  r/hile  trees  are  small. 

Pruning      :  1st  year  only  ground  suckers  and  cross  branches 

removed. 
After  1st  year,  pruned  annually  to  make  head. 

If  soils  lack  body,  fertilizers,  green  manures  and 
stable  manure  used. 

Usually  not  required  for  young  trees. 

Usually  such  as  is  required  by  companion  crops. 

Yearly  deep  plo'ving  to  keep  feeding  roots  down 
is  desirable. 

Companion  cropping:  As  in  other  orchai-ds,  if  soil,  water  and  fertility 

r'ill  permit. 


Fertilizing 

Spraying 

Cultivating 


71 


Care  of  Bearing  Orcharda- 

Calendar  of  Operations  ;  • 

Irrigation   :  Ample  moisture  needed.   Irrigated  one  week  before 

blossoming  and  from  July  15  to  September  30, 
(15  -  30  days  apart)   Give  30"  or  more,  rain- 
fall and  irrigation. 

Pruning     :  Pruned  during  January  or  February.   Superfluous  or 

useless  growth  and  dead  v/ood  removed.  Olives 
borne  on  wood  produced  previous  year. 

Fertilizing  :  Some  (altho  little)  fertilizing  done;  necessary  to 

keep  up  humus  and  plant  foods,       • 

Cultivating  :  Plowed  6  -  10"  after  rains  in  February  or  March. 

Cultivated  once  a  month  from  April  to  November. 

Spraying    :  ^or  scale  in  foggy  climate.  Usually  not  required 

in  interior.  "vVhen  sprayed  oil  emulsion  is 
used  in  September  (altho  Jajiuary  is  preferable) 


Harvest- 

Time 

Method 
Oil 


October  -  December. 


Pulled  off  by  hand  or  knocked  off  with  poles,  and  delivered 
in  lug  boxes  or  sacks. 
Pickling-  Carefully  hand  picked  into  lined  baskets,  and  delivered  in 
■  small  lined  lug  boxes  (40^) 

%   of  Different  Grades- 


Pickling 
Oil 


40/, 
60^ 


Yields- 


Good 
Usual 


2  tons 

1  1/2  tons 


Commercial  Sections- 

Country  tributary  to  towns  of  Oroville,  Anderson,  Auburn,  Sacramento, 
Napa,  Fresno,  Santa  Barbara,  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego. 


72 
COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  OLIVE 

Value   of  Land- 
Ravi?  land- 

High  (with  water)    - 0300.00  per  acre 

Low  "  - 75.00 


i» 


Usual  "  150.00 


Developed   orchards- 
Best  1000.00 

Good _ 750.00  " 

Usual -  — _ 500.00 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  water  right   (included  in 

land   price) 
Clearing,    grading,    and  leveling  land    for 

planting  (C25  -   lOO)    40.00  " 

Trees   (48) - _ 25.00  " 

Setting  out     5.00         " 

Replanting 1.00         " 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to   Self-    Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivating  and   irrigating  (usually  borne  by 

intercrops) 7.50         " 

Pruning 5.00  " 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 

Plov/ing 4.00  " 

Pruning 12.50         " 

Cultivating,  water,    irrigation     12.50         " 

Cost  of  Harvesting- 
Pickling  olives   (    018  -  30  ) 20.00  per  ton 

Oil  olives   (   ^A2  -   20   )    15.00  " 

Hauling         (   4  miles)   1,00  " 

Market  Value  of  Yields- 
High  - 

Pickling  250.00  " 

Oil 50.00  " 

Low- 
Pickling  75.00  " 

Oil     35.00  " 

Average- 
Pickling  125.00    " 

Oil _ 40.00 

Taxes  and  In su ranee - 

To  Maturity 1.50  per  a.cre 

After  Maturity- 

Usual  land 6.00 

Good  land - 7.50    " 


73 

(Read  Preface) 

REQUIP-Ei^CEMTS  AW  ?iETHODS  OF  GROWIMG  TOE  ONION 

Time  to  Maturity-  Fall  planting  -     150  -  240  days 

Spring         "       -     180  -   220       " 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements-       Rich  silt  or  peat   lands,    retentive   of  moisture,    2'    in 

depth. 

Climatic  Requirements-  Long  growing  season  with  moderate  temperature,  no 

rain  during  harvest, 

V/ater  Requirements-    Abundant  moisture,  from  either  natural  sources  or 

irrigation.  Crop  must  be  kept  continually  gro'ving 
for  if  checked  will  go  to  seed,  thus  rendering 
it  unfit  for  marketing. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed:  Fall  planting  -  October-November  plowed  and 

worked  dov/n  into  seed  bed. 
Spring    "   -  Plowed  November, January  replowed 

and  worked  down  into  excellent 
seed  bed. 

Planting  : 

Time    :  November- February 

Young  plants  seeded  in  November  and  transplanted. 
Seeds  used  in  February. 

Quantity:   2-  7#  of  seed,  for  field,  or  160,000  sets 

Method  and  Distance:   Seed  or  plants  set  in  12"  ro'.7S  4"  apart 
in  rov/s.  Drilled  or  set  by  hand. 

Care  of  Growing  Crop: 

Thoroughly  v/eeded  twice,  hand  cultivated  with  hoes  and  wheel 

hoes  each  month,  from  time  plants  are  up  until 
maturing  (  4  mos.) 

Varieties  : 

Australian  broT.-n  Italian  reds 

California  reds  Yellow  Globe  Danvers. 

Harvest: 

Time        :      April  -  November 

Method    :     Pulled    just  as  tops  are  getting  yellow,    sometimes  laid 

in  windro-.vs  to  cure   (    3   to   14  days),    topped,    sacked 
(105^)    and  hauled  to  warehouse, 
Yields- 

Good        :     30,000# 
Usual      :      15,000# 
Commercial  Sections- 

Imperial,   Los   Angeles,    Sacramento,    Sa"  Joaquin  Counties, 


74 
COST  OF  PRODUCING  ONIONS 
Value   0  f  Land- 
High  0500.00  per  acre 

Low - - 200.00 

Usual - 350.00  " 

Cost   of  the  Crop- 
Preparing     land  and  planting  - 

Preparing  land   4.00  " 

Seed   (   40p{-   02.00)    4.00 

Seeding 1.00 

Planting  sets 20.00 

Growing  the  crop- 
Hand  weeding  and  hoeing  (010-95) 50,00 


II 


II 


Irrigating'  (03  per  time)- 

Upland  - 10.00    " 

Peat  .60    " 

Karvest- 

Pulling,  topping  and  sacking .10  per  sack 

Sacks .09  each 

Hauling  (2  miles)  .50  per  ton 

Market  Value  o  f  Yield- 
High  2.50  per  cwt. 

Low  - —  -  .25    " 

Average .80   " 

Taxes  and   Insurance- 
Average   land 2.00  per  acre 

Good  land —  3.00 


(Read  Preface) 

REQUIREMENTS  AI^l?  IvIETHODS  OF  GROWING  THE  ORANGE 

Climatic   Requirements- 

In  General:    Freedom  ^rora   frosts:  warm  weather  in  summer,    somev/hat 

tempered. 


75 


Soil  Requirements- 


Surface 
Subsoil 

Depth 


Nearly  level,  rich,  fertile  clay  loam,  easily  worked. 
Open,  no  hardpan,  no  black  alkali.  Lighter  than  surface, 
5'  or  more. 


Water  Requirements- 


Constant  supply  of  moisture,  tree  is  evergreen  and 

a  heavy  user  of  water.   Total  of  36  '  acre  inches 

from  rainfall  and  irrigation.  (Ranges,  however, 
from  12  to  80") 


Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Orchard  to  Maturity- 


X  2'. 


22' 

90 

February  -  May 

7-8  years' 

10  -  15  years 


Distance  Apart  of  Tress 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to  Self- Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Host  Popular  Varieties 

Valencia 

Washington  Navel 
Length  of  Profitable  Life   :   Estimated  50  years. 

Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity: 

Irrigation   :  To  keep  constant  moisture  supply  available  all 

year  round.  This  means  irrigating  every 


Pruning 


4  to  8  weeks  from  May  to  November  while 
trees  are  small. 

V/hen  done,  trees,  pruned  to  shapely  head  2nd  year 
during  February,  then  dead  limbs  annually 
cut  out  and  suckers  3Jid  water  sprouts 
shortened  or  removed* 


Fertilizing  :  As  coils  lack  body  they  need  chemical  fertilizers, 

manures,  and  green  manure  crops.  Fertilizers 
put  on  in  fall  and  spring;  green  manure 
crops  grown  from  September  to  February  or 
liarch,  when  plowed  under. 

Spraying    :  Depends  on  presence  of  fungi  or  insects. 


76 


Cultivation 


If  no  compginion  crops  arc  grovrn,    plcved 
two  v/ays  in  Tetruary  and  March  to.  turn 
under  -.veeds  and   green  manure  crops. 
Cultivated  2  to   4  times  betv/een  irriga- 
tions.     Usually  clean  cultivation  is 
practiced,   altho  in  sorie  groves  beans 
for  1,    2  or  3   years  are  grcwn;    if  suffi- 
cient ^ater  and    fertility  is   available,   cabbage, 
nursery  sto&k,   corn   and  sometimes  alfalfa  are 
raised. 


Caring   for  Bearing  Orchards- 


Calendar  of  Operations- 


Irrigation 
Pruning 

Feirtilizing 


Cultivation 


Every  month   from  April  to  November. 

Pruned   in   fall  to   open  tree   and   sometimes  in 
spring  to   remove   suckers    (June) 

Manure  and  chemical   fertilizers  used,   the 
practice  varying.     Cover  crop  of  rye,   vetch, 
bitter  clover,    or  alfalfa  planted  in 
August  or  September  -   irrigated  every  two^ 
'.veeks  and  plov/ed  under  in  February  or 
March . 

Plo^ved  both  ways   in  February  or  March  8"  deep, 
cultivated  tv/o  times  between  irrigation. 


Fumigating      :      Once  in  one  or  two  years    for  scale  v/ith  cyanide 
of  sodium  or  cyanide  of   potassium.      Done  by 
contract,   association  or  county  outfits. 
Not  necessary  in  scale    free  districts. 

Time:      Any  time   from  July  to   January  1. 

Thinning  Fruit:     Not  done,   tree  crowded  to  carry  all   fruit 

which  sets  by  cultivation,    fertilization  and 
irrigation. 


Spraying 


Sometimes  for  scale,  but  usually  fumigation  takes 
place  of  spraying. 


Harvest- 


Time   :  Navel  (South  of  Tehachapi)   Dec. 
(North  of  Tehachapi)   Nov, 


15  -  May  15 
15  -  Jan.  1 


Valencia  (South  of  Tehachapi) 

Redlands   July  15  -  Oct.  1 

Placentia  Sept, 15  -  Dec,  1 

(North  of  Tehachapi)  May  -  July 


77 


Harvest"  (cont.) 

Method   :  Carefully  cut  by  hand  -^/hen  ripe 
Preparing  for  Market: 


Allowed  to  dry  for  3  or  4  days',  wrapped  and  packed 
in  standard  boxes  12"  x  12"  x  26"  (outside 
measurement)  holding  from  80  to  324  oranges- 
graded  according  to  size.   Weight  z   6^  net, 
IZjj:   gross.   396  boxes  to  standard  car, 
100  field  boxes  =  66  packed  boxes. 

Yield s- 

^  of  Different  Grades- 
Packing  fruit 95^ 

Culls - b% 

Yields  of  Different  Grades- 
Good  250  packed  boxes 

Usual 125  " 

Commercial  Sections- 

Butte       County 

Los  Angeles 

Orange 

Riverside 

San  Bernardino 

Santa  Barbara 

Tulare 

Ventura 


78 
COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  ORANGE 

Value  of  Land- 

Raw  land- 

High(with  water) 01,200.00   per  acre 

Low              "              - 200.00          " 

Usual          "              500.00          " 

Developed  Orchards- 
High  producing - 4,000.00  " 

Usual  "  1,500.00 

Cost   of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  v/ater  right  included   in 

cost  of  land- 

Fluming  (concrete   pipe)   15.00          " 

Clearing,    grading  ard    leveling  land    for 

planting - - 20.00          " 

Trees   -  — 45.00          " 

Setting  out     5.00          " 

Annual  Cost   from  Setting  Out  to   Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivating  and    irrigating 20.00          " 

Fertilizing 10.00         " 

Pruning,    pro   rata 2.50          " 

Water - — - -  7.00         " 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Plowing  and   cultivating  15.00          " 

Water  (    §7.50  -  25) - 15.00          " 

Irrigating 6.00          " 

Cover  crop ' -■ 5.00          " 

Fertilizers  and  manure   (   0  -   ClOO)    50.00          " 

Pruning 7.50          " 

Fumigating  (once  in  two  years  -  $30) 15«00    " 

Smudging  (3  times)  15,00    " 

Spraying  — 5,00 

Propping,   doctoring  sick  trees,    etc, 3.50          " 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  .08  per  box 

Hauling  (   4  miles) - .03 

Packing  and  warehouse  expense ,30          " 

Market  Value   of  Yield   (f.o.b,) 

High 3,00  per  box 

low —  .75 

Average 1.75          " 

Culls - - - .15          " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity 5.00   per  acre 

After  Maturity-     Average  land 10.00          " 

Good   land 20.00          " 


(Read  Preface)  'i'^ 

REQUIREIvENTS  AITC)  METHODS  OF  GPOvOiNG  TI^E  PEACK 

Climatic  Reguirements- 

In  General:  Has  v/ide  range.   Requires  freedom  from  frost  in  spring 

and  v/£:rm  sunny  summer  v/eather. 

Soil  Requirements-  Deep,  light,  veil  drained,  sandy  loam  at  least  6'  deep, 

or  decomposed  granitic  soils  of  the  Sierra  foothillc. 

Water  Requirements-  On  account  of  light  soils  chosen  for  peaches,  irrigation 

is  usually  required.  Trees  are  benefitted  by  a 
scanty  rather  than  an  oversupply. 

Setting  Out  and  Caring  for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


20»  X  20'   to  24'  X  24' 

75  to  lOB 

December  -  Llarch 

5  years 

8  years 

Estimated  20  years. 


Distance  Apart  of  Trees 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to  Self- Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 

Most  Popular  Varieties 

Early  Crawford  (Freestone),  Juir  (Freestone),  Lovell  (Freestone) 
Phillips  (Cling),  Tuskena  or  Tuscan  (Cling),   McKevitt  (fmite 
Cling),  Elberta  (Freestone),  Foster  (Freestone)  Salway  (Free- 
stone)  Orange   (Cling) 

Calendar  of  Operations     ; 

Irrigation   :  If  given,  tv/ice  by  furrov/s  or  checks-  June  to 

October  or  Movem.ber, 


Pruned  annually  to  make  head  during  December, 

January  or  February. 
Cover  crops  for  soils  lacking  in  body.  Usually 

intercropped 

November-  December,  Bordeaux 

February-  Lime  sulphur,  v;hitewash  trunks  and  protect 
from  rabbits  2nd  year. 

Plo".'ed  and  cross  plowed  in  Febru:vry  and  March  (some- 
tines  fall  plowed  in  October  or  November;  harrowed 
t^ice,  cultivated  at  frequent  intervals  from 
April  to  October. 

Companion  Cropping:  Intercropped  to  berries,  small  fruits,  grain, 

beans,  beets,  corn,  and  sometimes  alfalfa. 
Usually  Hiscontinued  after  trees  are  three  or 
four  years  old. 


Pruning 
Fertilizing 

Spraying 
Cultivation 


60 


Caring:  for  Bearing  Orchards- 
Calendar  of  Operations- 


Irrigation 
Pruning 

Fertilizing 
Cultivation 


:  If  given,  twice  by  furrc's,  June  and  October 
:  December  -  February.  Pruned  to  open  up  head, 
thin  out  v;ood,  and  shorten  growth. 

:  Cover  crops  grown  v;hen  soil  lacks  body. 

:  February-  March,  plov/ed  and  cross  plowed  (sometimes 
fall  plowed  -  October  or  November),  crop  culti- 
vated at  frequent  intervals  from  March  to 
..  November.  V/orked  dotrn  into  good  condition. 


Fumigating   : 
Thinning  Fruit 

Spraying 


None 


Thin  to  leave  one  peach  every  4  to  6  inches 
apart.  Thin  as  early  as  possible  (April) 

November-  Bordeaux  if  blight  is  present 

February  -Lime  sulphur  v/hen  buds  are  swelling. 

Borers  when  present  are  removed  from  trunks 
once  a  year. 


Harvest- 


Time    :  July  -  September 

Method   :  Picked  by  hand,  or  shaken  off  if  for  drying.  Trees  gone 

over  two  to  five  times. 
Preparing  for  Market: 

Green   :  Packed  in  20^  crates  or  25#  baskets. 

Dried   :  Cut  in  half,  pitted,  sulphured,  dried  in  sun 
on  trays.   Dry  5  or  6  to  1. 

Canning:  Delivered  in  lug  boxes. 


Yields- 

Canning 

Dried 

Green 

Go  od      : 
Usual    : 

8  tons 
5-       .1 

1.5  tons 
1,0 

600  20#  boxes 
400 

Commercial 

Sections- 

Fresno 
Kings 

Merced 
Placer 
Tulare 

County 
II 

II 

II 
II 

ei 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  PEACH 


Value  of  Land- 


Raw  land- 
High  (with  water)    - $300.00  per  acre 

Low                "                100,00          " 

Usual            "                150.00          " 

Developed  Orchards- 
High  producing 600.00 

Usual          "           300.00 

Cost   of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation    system  or  water   right   included   in 

price  of  land 

Clearing,    grading  and  leveling  land   for  ^ 

planting  (0"2.5O  -     75   )    20.00 

Trees   --- -__ __.  15.00          " 

Setting  out   (    $4  -   8)    6.00          " 

■Replaiiting 1.50          " 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to   Self- Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivation  7.00          " 

Irrigation  (   $2  -   10)    6.00          " 

Pruning      (-^3  -  6)    4,00          " 

Spraying  -- - 2.50 

■Whitewashing .50          " 

Rabbit  Protection  1,00          " 

(Cultivation  usually  borne  by  intercrf)p) 
Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Plowing  and  cultivating   ($6   -   12)    10.00          " 

Pruning  and  burning  brush    ($6   -   10)    8,00          " 

Irrigation   (v2  -   10)    6.00          " 

Spraying   (0   10  -   12)    10,00 

Thinning   (   $  0-   10) 6.00          " 

Digging  borers   (C  0  -  5    )    ---'- 3.00 

Cover  crop     . 2.00          " 

Propping  (labor)    2.00          " 

Cost   of  Harvest- 
Picking      (for  green   fruit)    .03  per   20#  box 

Packing  a::d  v/archouse   expense .12          " 

Hauling  (2  miles) .01    " 


62 


Cost  of  Harvest-   (cont.) 


Picking  (for  dried    fruit)   ^10,00   per  dry  ton 

Cutting   (010   -   12.50)    - 10.00 

Haul  to  drier   (    2  miles)   3.00         " 

Dri'ing,    sulphuring  and   racking 10.00 

Haul,    to   ship  (    2  miles)    .50 


II 


Picking  (for  canneries)  2.00  per  ton 

Hauling  (2  miles)  .50 


It 


Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High- 


Lo"«r- 


Canneries 25.00  per  ton 

Dried  .10  per  lb. 

Green  1.00  per  crate 


Canneries 10.00  per  ton 

Dried ,03  l/2  per  lb. 

Green .25  per  crate 

Average- 

Canneries 20.00  per  ton 

Dried .05  per  lb. 

Green ,40  per  crate 

Taxes  and  Innurance- 

To  Maturity  1,50  per  acre 

After  Maturity  - 

Average  land 2.00  " 

Good  land 3.00  " 


(Read   Preface)  55 

REOUIRE?.;EiMTS  ABD   METHODS  OF  GROWING  THE  PEAR 

Climatic   Requirements- 

In  General:     Warm  during  growing  season;    freedom  from   frost  at 

budding  time.     Not  especially  particular  as  to 
section. 

Soil  Requireir.ents- 

Surface    :   Heavy  class   of  moist  soils  8'    or  more  in  depth  -  clay  loam 

with  clay  subsoil  best.     Moist  river  bottoms 
exceptionally  good. 

Water  Requirements-   .toiple   supply  of  moisture  throughout  the   year 

Setting:  Out  and   Caring-   for  Orchards   to   Maturity- 


Distance   Apart  of  Trees 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to  Self-oustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Most  Popular  Varieties 


25'    X     25' 

70 

December  -  March 

6   years 

12   years, 

Bartlett,    Winter  Nelis .An jou,   Angoulene, 

Glout  Jiorceau, 
Estimated    50  years. 


Length  of  Profitable  Life 

Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity: 

Irrigation      :     VJhen  required,  given  in  July,    once  by   furrows 
:     Pruned  annually  in  v;inter  to    form  head. 


Pruning 
Fertilizing 

Spraying 
Cultivating 


Cower  crops    for  soils  lacking  in  body.   Usually 
intercropped. 

Sometimes  given  lime  sulphur   (February) 

Plowed  in  February  and  March,   harrov/ed  t^ice, 
cultivated  at  tv/o  to    four  t/eeks  intervals 
until  August.       Usually  borne  by  intercrop. 

Companion  Cropping: 

Intercropped   to   berries,    small    fruits,   beans,   beets, 

corn  and    sometimes  alfalfa.      Usually  discontinued 
after  trees  are  5  years   old. 

Caring   for  Bearing  Orchard s- 

Calendar  of   Operations    : 

Irrigation      :      v/hen  required,    given  once  in  July  by  furrows. 


84 


Caring   for  .BearinR  Orchards-      (cont.) 

Calendar  of  Operations    : 

Pruning        :      Deceir';er,    January   or   February  tc  head   in  and 

she;pe  tree. 

Fertilizing:  Very  little  done,  cover  crops  sometimes  grovm. 

Cultivation:  February  cr  March.  Plowed  and  cross  plowed,  worked 

down,  crop  cultivated  4-6  times  until  July, 

Fumigating  :  None 

Thinning  Fruit:  Not  much  thinning  done. 

Spraying   ;  December  -  February,  lime  sulphur  or  oil  emulsion 

February  -  April,  Bordeaux  mixture  when  cluster  buds 

begin  to  part. 
April  1  -  June,  Arsenate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux 

mixture,  when  fruit  is  set  and  petals 
full.  Repeated  10  to  20  days  later. 


Harvest- 

Time   :   Bartlett-  June  15  -  September  15 
Nelis   -,  September. 

Method  :  Picked  green  by  hand  into  canvas  picking  bags  and  transferred 

to  lug  boxes.   Trees  gone  over  2  to  5 
.  ...  times. 

Preparing  for  Market:  ■ 

Canning   :  Delivered  in  lug  boxes 

Dried    :  Cut  ii:  half,  stem,  calyx,  ajid  wormy  cores  removed, 

dried  on  trays  in  sun  for  l/2  day,  then 
trays  stacked  a.nd  fruit  permitted  to  com- 
pletelycuring,  sulphured. 

Green    :  Packed  in  40#  boxes,  measuring  8  l/2"  x  11  l/2"  x 

19  3/4";  contains' actually  46#  fruit,  gross 
51#  or  52#;  165  pears  to  box  most  desirable, 

^  of  Different  Grades-  10;5^  culls. 


Yields- 

Canning 

Di  ied 

Green 

Good        : 

10  tons 

3.000# 

7  tons 

Usual 

6      " 

1,500 

5        " 

Commercial   Sections- 

Alameda,  La]:e,  Nevada,  Placer,  Sacr.amonto  ,  Santa  Clara, 
Solano  and  Sonoma  Counties. 


COST  OF  PRODUC:CNG  THB  P5AR 

Value  of  Land- 

Raw  land- 
High   (v/ith  wa+er)  0^:00.00  per  acre 

Lev  "  - 150.00 

Usual  "  - - 200.00  " 

Developed  Orchaz^ds- 

High  producing  2000.00  " 

Usual  "  -      800.00  " 

Cost   of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation  system  or  v^^ater  right   included   in 

price   of   land. 
Clearing,    grading  and   leveling  land    for 

planting  ($  10  -   75)   — - 20.00  " 

Trees- 15.00  " 

Setting  out   6.00  " 

Replanting - 1.50  " 

Annual  Cost   from  Setting  Out  to  Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Pruning  ■ 5.00  " 

Cultivation 7.50  " 

Irrigation — ■--- 3.00  " 

(Cultivation  usually  carried  by  intercrop) 
Annual  Upkeep  .ifter  Maturity- 


Plowing  and   cultivating 7.50 

Pruning  and   burning  brurh   (0  6  -   12)    10.00 

Spraying  (OlO  -  20> 15.00 

Fighting  blight   (^^ilO  -   60) 20.00 

Irrigating 4.00 

Propping 2.00 


Cost   of  Harvest- 


It 


II 


Picking  (for  green  gruit)    .05  per  box 

Packing  (   Box           paper         packii.ig   "^   ) .19          " 

Hauling    (   3  miles)    .01          " 

Picking  (for  dried    fruit)   10.00  per  dry  ton 

Drying  and  boxing 30.00          " 


3b 

Cost  of  Harvest  -  (cont.) 

Hauling  (3  miles)  0   .^O  per  dry  to? 


Picking  (for  canneries)  2.00  per  ton 

Hauling  (  3  miles;  .50 


Market  Value  of  Yield  (f.o.b.) 
High  - 


Low- 


II 


Canneries 50.00  per  ton 

Green  -— 2.25         "  box 

Dried - .12         "  lb. 


Canneries 20,00  per  ton 

Green 1.00     "     box 

Dried   - - 03     "     lb. 

Ave rage - 

Canneries 30,00  per  ton 

Green 1.25     "     box 

•Dried  -- - 08     "     lb. 

Taxes  and   Insurance- 

To  Maturity 3.00  per  acre 

After  Maturity- 
Average  land 2.00       " 

Good   land 4.00        " 


(Read  Preface)  87 

REOUIRErtENTS  AND  METHODS  OF  GRQ^fflNG  PEAS 
(Dry,    Green,    and   Cannery) 

Tiiae  to  Maturity-        6  to   8  months. 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements-     Clay  loans  best,   clays  next,    light  soils  not   good 

producers.      Soils    should  be  at  least  3'    in  depth. 

Climatic  Requirements-     Cool  temperature   and  abundance  of  humidity  (as 

fogs).     Usually  grown  as  a.  rvinter  crOiJ. 

Water  Requirements  and  Irrigation-     Abundance  of  water  v/ithout  over-supply. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed      :     November  -February,  PloT^ed  and  worked  dov/n 

to   seed  bed. 

Planting    :  ... 

Time        :     Ilovember-  February,    early  planting  preferred. 
quantity:    60   -   100# 

Method  and   Distance:     Rows  30"  apart.   Seed   2-  4"  deep,   dropped 

2"  apart  in  the  row 

Care  of  Grov/ing  Crop: 

Cultivated  until  vines   cover  the   ground.     No   irrigation  given. 

Varieties    : 

For  seed   :  Canada  cr  Niles 

For  Canning:  Saxtonia  (smooth),  Stratagon  (smooth)  Telephone 

Harvest  : 

Whon  :  March  -  June  for  market 
June   for  cemncry, 
July  and  August  for  seed 

How   ^For  market  -  picked  by  hand 

For  seed  -  Cut  with  horjc  dra-vn  knife  cutters 

(simi3a_i-  to  bean  harvest) 

Operations: 

Cannery   -  Hauled  immedia.tely 

Seed      -  Piled,  cured,  and  later  threshed  into 

lOOf  sacks  (formerly  10^) 


88 


Yields-- 


Dry   peas 

Green 

Cannery 

Good 
Usual 

:          1,200# 
:              800# 

100  sacks  ©  70# 
70       "            " 

1   1/2 

1  ton 

By-Products- 

Kind 

:   Vines 

Amount :  1  ton  green  vines 
1/4  ton  dry  vines 

V(Tiere  and    for  wliat   sold:      Stock   feed  and   raulching 
Conmercial  Sections- 

AlaBieda     County 
Humboldt       " 
Monterey       " 
Santa  Clara" 


COST  OF  FT.ODUCIMg  PSAS  £9 

Value   of  Land- 

High O-OOO.OO  per  acre 

Lot;? 100.00  " 

Average   250.00  " 

Cost   of   the  Crop- 
Preparing  lajid   and    plaaiting- 

Plowing  and    preparing  seed  bed   (02  -   10)-  5.00  " 

Seed   (    100#   )    (    ^3   -   10)    - —  5.00  " 

So:7ing  seed   .50  " 

Growing  the  Grop- 

Cultivationg   (nl  -  2.50)    2.00  " 

Hoeing  (C  6   -    20)    8.00 

Harvesting-  (Seed  Peas) 

Cutting  (by  machine)  

Drying  (stacking)- 

Threshing  (including  hauling  0  25<^ 

per  crt.) ^ 


.50 

tt 

.50 

tt 

3 

.00 

II 

.10 

each 

.75 

per 

ton 

Sacks  

Hauling  (  5  miles)  

Harvesting-   (For  Cannery- 
Picking  15.00   " 

Harvesting-   (For  Market 3/4^;  per  lb. 

Baling  straw 2.00  per  ton 

Hauling .50    " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 2.50  per  acre 

Good  land  4.00    " 

Karket   Value  of  Yield-   per   lb.                                     Dry  Seed  Green        Cannery 

High .07  .10               .10 

Low-- .C3  .02               .04 

Average   --- .C5  .05               .07 

^y  Products- 

G.-ean    Vines .50   ner  ton.    .Strflvj   (^,2.^0  -    '^\ 4.nn   n^r  +.nvi 


(Read  Preface)  90 

REQUIREMNTS  Ai^IT'   tvIi^L-iODS  CI  GROMNG  THE  FLUM 
Climatic  Requirenents- 

Trees  hardy.      Absence  of  cold  rains  when  -trees  are   in  bloom. 

Soil  Requirements- 

By  proper  selection  of  stock  can  be   grown   on  wide  range  of   soils- 
light  sands   to  adobe. 

Water  Requirements-     Natural   rainfall  often  aided  by  irrigation,      20"  ample. 

Setting  Out  and  Caring   for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


Distance  Apart   of  Trees 

Average   Number  per  Acre 

Time   of  Planting  Out 

Age  to   Self-Sustaining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Most  Popular  Varieties 


Length  of  Profitable  Life 

Calendar  of  Operations 
Irrigation 
Pruning 
Fertilizing 


24'  X  24' 

76 

December  -  February 

5  years 

10  years 

Very  variable-  Kelsey,  Pond, 
Wickson,  Climax,  Tragedy, 
Grand  Duke,  Diamond,  Beauty 

Estimated  40  years. 


Once  in  furrows  -  May,  Usually  not  irrigated. 
Pruned  annually  in  winter  to  form  head. 


Spraying 
Cultivating 


Cover  crops  for  soils  lacking  in  body- 
usually  intercropped . 

Usually  none,  but  sometimes  for  pests. 
Watched  for  borers  if  present. 

Plowed  and  cross  plowed  in  February  and  March, 
harroT^/ed  twice,  cultivated  at  6  weeks' 
intervals  from  April  to  November.  . 


Companion  Cropping:  When  irrigation  is  available  sometimes 

intercropped  to  berries,  small  fruits,  beans 
and  beets;  usually  discontinued  after  trees 
are  three  or  fotir  years  old. 

Caring  for  Bearing  Orchards- 

Calendar  of  Operations-: 

Irrigation   :  Once  in  June  by  furrows,  usually  not  irrigated. 
Spraying    :  Winter-  lime  sulphur. 


Caring  for  Bearing  Orchards  (cent.) 


Calendf.r  of  Operations- 


Harvect- 


Pruning        :     December  -   January  or  February  to    head  in 
?jid  shape  tree. 

Fertilizing:   Cover  crop  grown  whon  soils   lack  body. 

Cultivating:    February-  :!arch,   Plov/ed  a:id  cross  picked, 

worked  dovm.      April,   Jiay  and  June  cultivated. 
June  dragged  and    rolled. 

Fumigating    :   None 

Tiiinning  Fruit:      Some  thinr.in^  (    early  ly^y  till  after 

"June  drop")    before  pit  hardens. 
Usually  gone   over  2  or  3  times. 


Time        :     May  -   September. 

Method    :     Picked  by  hand.      TJ^ues   gone  over  severs.l  times. 

Preparing  for  Market:     Packed  in  4  basket  crates.   Total 

weight  20-ff. 


Yields- 


Good   :  600   20# 

crates 

Usual  :  350 

Commercial  Secticns- 

Alameda 

County 

San  Joaquin  County 

Colusa 

Santa  Clara    " 

Fresno 

Solano        " 

Kern 

Sonoma         " 

Placer 

?-al?,re        " 

Sacramentc 

" 

Yclo          " 

COST  OF  PRODUCIKG  THE  PLUM 

Value  of  Land- 

Rav;  land- 

High   (with  prater)    0  600.00   per  acre 

Lot;      '  "  — 150.00 

Usual  "  250.00  " 

Developed  orchards- 
High  producing - 800.00 

Usual  "  -       600.00  " 

Cost   of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation   system  or  water  right   included  in 

price  c  f  land- 
Clearing  and   leveling   (0  10  -   75) 20.00 

Trees- • 15.00 

Setting  out 5.00 

Replanting 1.50 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  out  to  Self-Sustaining  Age- 
Cultivation  5.00  " 

Irrigation   (if  civen)    3.00  " 

Pruning - 4.00 

Spraying 3.00  " 

(Cultivation  usually  borne  by  intercrop) 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturit;/- 

Cultivation  - - 8.00 

Spraying 5,00         " 

Pruning  and  burning  brush  (08  -   15) 10,00 

Irrigation   (if  given) 5.00 

iJl-hitewashing -~ 2.00 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking -—  .05  per  20#  crate 

Packing  and  r^are^house  expense .15 

Crate --  .10  each 

Hauling  (  5  miles)  .02  per  crate 

Market  Value  of  Yield  (f.o.b; 

High 1.00  per  crate 

Low - .40    " 

Average  ' .50    " 

(prices  subject  to  much   fluctuation) 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

To  Maturity 2.50  per  acre 

After  Maturity- 
Average   land 6.00  " 

Good  land 7.00 


II 


Time  to  Maturity- 

Life- 

Soil  Reauirements- 


(Read  Preface) 

REOUIREfffiNTS   AND  TgrHODS   OF  GROWING  POTATOES 

75-90  days   for  early  crop 
150  days    for     fall   crop 

Annual 


Surface      :     Mellov;,    rich,    fine  sand    and    silt  Icam  or  peat 
Subsoil      :     Y/ell  drained,    3'    or  more   in  dearth 

Climatic  Requireraents- 

Freedom   from  excessive  heat  v/hen  ycung,   and   from  severe   frosts. 

Water  Reouirements  a.nd  Irrigation- 

Plants  must  not  be   subjects  to  variations   in  moisture.      If  irrigated, 

water  best  applied  at  time  plant  is   in  blossom;   allow 
40  days  to    intervene  between  last  irrigation  and 
harvest.      30"   optimvira  needed    (rainfall  and    irrigation) 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed   Bed 


For  early  crop  -     Plowed  November  and  December, 

worked  down. 
For   fall   crop     -     January  plov/ed   10"  deep,   and 

worked  down. 
In  Delta  lands,  where  previously  cropped, 

plowing  and    planting  take. 

place   simultaneously, 

Plamting   : 
Time  : 

For  early  crop     -     January  -   February 

For  fall     crop     -     April   15^  June  20 
Quantity:        6C0  -  800# 

Method  and    Distance:     35"  rows,   14"  -   16"   in  rows.     Planted  by  hand 

or  by  machine,  using  cut   potatoes  and 
dropping  in  plo'v   furrov/s  every  3d   round. 


Care  of  Grov/ing  Crop: 


2-  8   cultivations     and   ridged  two     months  after 
planting.      Irrigation  usually  replaced  by 
cultivation. 


Varieties:      Triumph  and  Rose   (early),   Uncle   3ani, 
American  Wonder     (late)    and  Burbank 

Nev/  seed  imported   every  2d  or  3d   year   from  Oregon 


Calendar  of  Operations   (cont.) 
Harvest      : 


When      :     Early  -     June-   July 

Mid-season-     August-   September 
Late     -     October  -   November. 

Ho'.7        :     By  machine,    plow  or  by  hand. 

Operations:     Plowed   out,    picked  up  by  h-^md ,   sacked 

(110-   120}^  per  sack)   dried  and    stored. 


Yields- 


Good        :     15,000# 
Unual      :       6,000# 

^  of  Different  Grades- 

Yariable 


Salinas 


1st     --      75=/o 
2nd      --     15 
Culls   -      10 


By-Products- 


Kind      :      Culls 

V.liere  and  for '.vhat  sold:  Cow  and  hog  feed. 


Commercial  Sections- 


Centra  Costa  County 
Monterey  " 
Sacramento  " 
San  Joaquin  " 
San  Mateo  " 
Santa  Barbara  " 


0: 

COST  OF  PRODUCI?'JG  POTATOES 


Value  of  Land- 


f^^^ - - - 0  400,00  per  acre 

J;°^     ■- 100.00 

"^"^1  — 250.00 

Cost   of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Plowing  and   preparing  land 5.00         ••   (Coast 

Section' 
Plowing   for  planting 1.50  "   (Delta 

section 

Seed    (   02.00  per   sack) _  12.00         " 

Preparing  seed-  cutting 1.00         " 

Preparing  seed-   disinfecting  .35 

Planting  (.5  acres   per  day) .90 

Growing  the  Crop- 
Cultivating  - 1,00 

Hoeing 1,00 

Irrigation .._ 6.00 


II 


II 


+. 


II 


Harves 

Digging  (machine)    1,50 

Picking  up  and   sacking    (after  mchine) !o6  per  cwt. 

Digging,   picking  up  and   sacking   (by  hand) 

(10-  200) - ,15  per  sack 

ff-^^^ ; - - .10  per  sack 

Hauling  off   (   5  miles)    1,00  per  ton 

Covering  sacks   (on  levee  or  in   field) 1.00  " 

Hauling  to   levee   (Delta)   *50         " 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 2.00  per  acre 

Good  land 3  qq  „ 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 

^^^^ - $2.50   (Ists)   per  cwb, 

1.75    (2nds) 

Low-- ,t-    fi^.    \        ,, 

,g5   (ists)        " 

.50    (2nds) 

A^^^'^g^ - 1.00   (Ists)        ■• 

_   ..  .55   (2nds)        " 

Culls _^5  ^        „ 


(Read  Preface)  y-' 

REOUIREI'ffiirrS  AND  iCErTHOPS  OF  rrR0\7i:vIG  THE  PRUME 
Climatic  Reguirements- 

In  Gener-l    :      Siinmer  heat,    sonewhat  tetnpered    cy  cool  v/ir.ds.      Trees  hard; 

Soil  Requirements- 

By  proper  selection  of  stocl:  cr.n  be   gro-^Ti  in  -.'ide  range  of  soils.   Light 

sands  to    adobe.     Depth  of  5'    or  aore   required. 

;7ater  Requirements-   Ample   supply  of  moisture  throughout  the  year.     Natural 

rainfall  often     aided  by  irrigation. 

Setting  Out  and    Caring  for  Orchards  to  :.!aturity- 


Distance  Apart  of  Tress 

Average  Number  per  Acre 

Time  of  Planting  Out 

Age  to   Self-Susta.ining  Crop 

Age  to  Maturity 

Most  Popular  Varieties 

Length  of  Profitable  Life 
Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity 


23'  X  28' 

55 

December-  March 

7  years 

10  years 

Prune  d''Agen  (French)   Sugar,  Imperial 

Robe  de  oE.rgent. 
Estimated  40  years. 


Irrigation 

Pruning 

Fertilizing 

Spraying 
Cultivating 


TJhen  required,    given  once   in    furrows.      June 

Pruned  annually  in  winter  to   form  head. 

Cover  crops    for   soils  lacking  in  body.  Usually 
intercropped. 

Only  ^-'hen  needed    for   scale,  moss  and  the  like. 

Plowed  and  cross  plowed   in  J'ebruary  and  March, 

harro7;ed  twice,    cultivated  at  6  weeks  intervals, 
April  to  November. 


Companion  Cropping: 

Intercropped  to  berries,   small    fruits,  beaiis, 

beets,   com,    and   sometimes  alfalfa.      Usually 
discontinued   after  trees  are   6  years  old. 

Caring   for  Bearing  Orchards- 

Calendar  of  Operations    : 


Irrigation 
Pruning 


:     Vfnen  required,   given  once  in  Juno  by   furrows  or 
checks. 

:     November-   February.    To  head   in  and   shape  tree, 
dead  wood  cut  out  and  the  brush  thinned. 


97 

Calendar  of  Operations  (cont.) 

Fertilizing  :  Cover  crops  gro^/n  r'hen  soils  lack  body 

Cultivating   :  Feb3-ua.ry  -  March,  plowed  and  cress  plowed.  Worked 

down.  Cultivated  once  or  twice  in  April, 
May  and  June,   Then  in  June  dragged  and  rolled 
to  smooth  surfc,ce  for  piain3S  to  fall  upon. 

Fumigating   :  None 

Thinning  Fruit:  Not  done. 

Spraying     • ::  February,  Line   sulphur  or  oil  emulsion. 


Harvesi 


Time   :  August  15  -  October  1, 

Method  :  Picked  from  ground  in  3  pickings  at  intervals  of  10  days. 

Preparing  for  Market  :  Dried  in  sun  after  running  thra  lye. 
(Dry  2  lA  to  1)   Delivered  in  bulk  or  in 
barley  sacks. 


^0  of  Different  Grades- 


Yields- 


Prunes  sold  according  to  size,  i.e.,  number  required  to  make 
a  pound. 


Good   ;  3  tons 

Usual  :  2  "   (dried  product) 


Commercial  Sections- 


Butts  County 

Lake  " 

Napa  " 
Santa  Cla.ra  " 

Solano  " 

Sonoma  " 
Sutter 

Yuba  " 


COST  OF  PhODUCING  THE  PRUNE 

Value  0  f  Land- 

Raw  land- 
High  (with  r.'at.:;r) C500.00  per  c.cr.: 

Lov;              "                   150. OC 

Usual          "                   - 30C.00 

Developed   Orchardr- 

HiF^   producing - 1000.00 

Good             "            — " - 800.00 

Usual          "            —  600.00 

Cost   of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Irrigation   system  or  v/ater  right  included  in  price 

0  f  land- 
Clearing,    grading  and  leveling  lejid   for  planting- 

(06  -   75) 20.00 

Trees 13.00         " 

Setting  out -- 6.00 

Replanting -  1.50         " 

Annual  Cost    from  Setting  Out  to   Self -Sustaining  Age- 

Cultivation     (06  -  12)    - 8.00 

Irrigation   (r/hen  given)    ■ 3.00          " 

Pruning  (02  -  4)    —  - 3.00 

Spraying     - ~- --- 3.00 

(Cultivation  usually  borne  by  intercrop) 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 

Cultivr.tion   (['6  -   12) -  10.00 

Spraying     -    (06  -   12) — 8.00 

Pruning  and  burning  brush  (o6-  10)  8.00 

Irrigation  (  when  given)   5.00 

Vihitewashing  - --- 2.00 

Propping  or  viring  (01  -  2.50) 2.00 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  up  (^^6  -  7)  6.00  per  dry  ton 

Hauling - - --- 1.00 

Dipping,  curing  and  storing 6.00    " 

Hauling  (2  niies) - —  1.00    " 

Market  Value  of  Yi3ld  (on  "prune  base") 

High  — -- --- .06  per  lb. 

Low - - --- -  .02 

Average .04    " 

Taxes  and  Insiirance- 

To  Maturity 2.50  per  acre 

After  Maturity- 
Average  land 5.00    " 

Good  land  — - 8.00    " 


(Read  Preface)  S^ 

R£0UIR3IffiNTS  AIID  t.STMODG  OF  GR07/ING  RICE 
Time  to  Maturity-  180  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements*  ' 

Surface    :     Level,   hfeavy  clays   or  loans 

Subsoil    :      Stiff,   tenacious,    ircpervicus  to  v/ater,   if  v/ater  is 

valuable. 
Depth        :     Surface   soil  -  1    -to   2* 

Weeds        :      Freedom   fron  excessive  growth  of  water  u'eeds. 

Climatic   Requirements-       V/arm,    sunny  waather;    freedom  from  fog;  v;arra  nights; 

ability  to  dry  laiids   for  harvest. 

Water  Requirements-  5  tc   8  acre' feet  -   June  1  to  September  1  -  continuous 

flov;  necessary.  Land  must  be  properly  leveled 

as    for  alfalfa,    checked  on  the   contour,    and  pro- 
vided with  gates.      Ability  to  drain  lajids    for 
harvest  is  essential. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed    :        Plowed   6"  October-  November,    or  December,   double 

disked  and  harrov/ed  until  very    smooth   Llarch- 
April  15. 

Seeding    : 

Time        :     April   1  -   June  1      (Earlier  planting   preferable) 

Quantity  Seed :     75  -  100^ 

Method  and  Distance:     Drilled    (a   fer  broadcast) 

Care  of  Growing  Crop: 

Soil 'kept  moist  by  intermittent  irrigation   (2-6  irrigation 

needed ,   average  3,  4  —  continued  up  until  June  15) 

When  6  to   8"  hiph,    turn  on  ponds  of  v/ater    (J'one   15- 
July  1).        Water  held  till  time  zo  dry   fields   for 
harvest   (10  days).      Should  not  be  turned  off  until 
kernels  at  base  of  head  will  break  solid  and 
ragged.        I.iust  be    forced  by  water  to    stiff  dough 
stage.     Pull  v/eeds,    scare  birds. 

Varieties    :       Wataribune   (Japanese  rice)      Ikokc    (Japanese) 

Italian     .;     Heddegard's  Favorite    (Jap   selection) 


Calendar  of  Operations  (cont.) 

Harvest   : 

Vfeen      :      September  1st  to  November  15th.     I'lhen  lower  kernels 
are  translucent,    pearly  gray,    flinty  appearance. 

How        :      As    for  any  grain  after  draving  off  water.      Cut 
with  self  binder,      shock,    cure  and    thresh. 

(Sacramento  Valley-     Harvest  of  a  given  planting 
should  be   completed   in  10  days   from  start   of 
harvest.      10  or  12  days   later,   thresher  starts 
and  must  be  completed  v/ithin  IC  to  12  days.    ) 


Yields. 


Plains         Overflow 

Good    :      2700#  4500# 

Usual   :      2000#  3500# 

These  are  Ist  year  yields.  Deduct  l/3  for  subsequent 
yields. 


Commercial  Sections- 


Butte 

County 

Colusa 

Fresno 

Glenn 

Kern 

Kings 

Tehama 

Tulare 

Yolo 

iCl 

COST  OF  r-RODUCIi'JG  RICE 
(on  clean  landfj 

Value    of  Land,    including  Water- 
High  (.il75.00  per  acre 

Low 40.00 

Usual — - 75.00 

Cost  0  f  +he  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Levees,    leveling  and  gates   (yl  -   15) 2.50        " 

Fall  plowing  - --- 3.00        " 

Preparing  seed  bed 2.00        " 

Cost  of   seed   (lOOjf  ©  3^)    3.00 

Seeding   (broadcasting  and  harpov;ing  in .75       " 

Cost  of  Grciiing  crop- 
Water   (7   leot-     range   $5  -  8) 7.00       " 

Applying  ivater  (01  -   5)- 2.00       " 

Pulling  weeds  and   scaring  birds    (;^3-15) 5.00        " 

Hairvest- 

Binding  --  2.50       " 

Cocking 2.00        " 

Haul  to   thresher  and  threshing .20  per  cwt.    (lOci  belor; 

Fresno) 

Sacks    .09   per  sack 

Twine   (    3  to   5if  0  9   -   12ci) .40  per  acre 

Haul  to  i.varehouse   (    5  miles)    1,00  per  ton 

warehouse  charges  1.00          " 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  2.05   per  cwt. 

IjOW 1,65          " 

Average  - - 1.85          " 

Taxes   and  Insurance- 
Average   land .75  per  acre 

Good   land l.OC 


(   Read  Preface   )  102 

REQUIREylENTS  .\ND  METHODS  OF  GRGTEI'G   SORGHUTJ 

Time  to   Maturity-  100  -   180  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface:  Will  grow  on  poorer,  drier  land  than  any  other  cereal,  but 
responds  to  good  handling.  3'  of  good  moisture  re- 
taining rather  than  heavy  loan  soil  desirable. 

Climatic  Requirements-  Warm  nights,  and  hot  sunny  days,  no  frost. 

VJater  Requirements  and  Irrigation-  Moisture  equivalent  to  15".  If  available, 

throughout  growing  season. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

preparing  Seed  Bed   :   Fall  -  Plowed  6  -  8" 

March  -  Replowed  6"  deep  or  disked,  and  v/orked 

dorm  into  seed  bed. 
Sometim.es  sown  on  grain  land  in  June  or  July 

following  the  removal  cf  the  cereal. 
Irrigated  and  plowed  before  seeding. 

Planting: 

Time    :     Non-saccharine,      April  1  to   July  1 
Saccharine,  April  1  to   July  1 

Quantity  of  Seed: 

Non-saccharine,      6  -  10-nf 
Saccharine,  4  -      6y 

Method  and  Distance: 

Non-saccharine,      3'    rows,    8"  apart   in  row 
Saccharine,  3'    rows,    4"  apart  in  row 

Care  of  Growing  Crop: 

Cultivated  once  or  ttrice  during  early  period  of   growth   (   fiay  and 
June).      Generally  grov/n  v/ithout  irrigation,  where  water 
table  is  high,    except  when   following  grain  crop.      Irriga- 
tion then  given  before  preparing  seed  bed. 

Varieties    : 

Non-saccharine-     D^Jirarf  r.!ilo  ) 

Duro    (ViTiite  find   Brown)  ) 

(Egyptian  corn)  jFor   forage, grain, and 

Feterita  )  silage 

Shallu  (Egyptian  wheat)  ) 


103 


Varieties  (cont.) 

Saccharine- 


Amber 

) 

Orange 
Sumac 

) 
) 

Honey 

) 

For  f orange  and  silo 


Harvest- 


When:  Non-saccharine   -  September 
Saccharine      -     " 

How  :  Non-saccharine  and  saccharine- 
Fodder  and  silage  cut  by  hand  or  machine  in  field, 
when  seeds  harden-  hauled  to  silo,  cut  and 
blown  into  silo. 

For  seed-  Heads  cut  by  hand,  dried,  threshed  by 
stationary  thresher. 


Yields- 

Grain 

Silage 

Cured  Fodder 

Good 

2500# 

12  tons 

5  tons 

Usual 

:   1200# 

8  tons 

4  tons 

By-Products- 

Kind   :   Some  fodder  from  grain  varieties 

Amount:  Variable 

Where  and  for  what  sold:   Sold  or  used  for  pasturage. 


Commercial  Sections- 


Imperial  Valley 
Sacramento   " 

San  Joaquin  " 


:.G4 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  SORGHUM 


Value   of  Land- 


II 


High 0300.00  per  acre 

Low  — - - - 50.00 

Usual  -   irrigated -- -  150.00 

Usual  -  not  irrigated ---  100.00          " 

Cost   of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land   and  planting- 
Fall  plowing 1.75         " 

Spring  plowing  1.25         " 

Working  down   into    seed  bed 1,75          " 

seed-     Non-saccharine   (10#  Q  50c) .50          " 

Saccharine   (    5#  ©  5^) .25 

Planting   — — -  .30 

Growing  the  crop- 
Cultivating  i'.nd    furro'ving 2.50          " 

Water - 1.50 

Applying  ¥/ater -.75          " 

Harvesting- 

Grain- 

Cutting  heads   (01.5O  -   5)    3.00 

Threshing .20  per  cwt. 

Sacks   -08  per  sack 

Hauling   (    5   miles)    1.00   per  ton 

Cured   Fodder- 
Cutting  by  hand   1.50   per  acre 

Shocking 1.25 

Hauling  (  1  mile)  .75  per  ton 

Silage- 
Cutting  by  hand 1.75  per  acre 

Hauling  (  1  mile)  .75  per  ton 

Siloing  (  i,   2-  5)  3.00  per  acre 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 2,00  per  acre 

Good  land 2,50 

Market  Value  o  f  Yield- 

Grain- 

High  2.00  per  cwt. 

Low  - --- 1.10 

Average 1.30    " 


(Read  Pie face)  10^ 

.  REQUIREMENTS  AMD  ?iIETHODS  OF  GROWING   STOCK  BEETS 

Time  to  Maturity-  120  -   160  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements-   Level,  deep,  rich,  fertile,  black  loan,  at  least 

4'  in  depth. 

Climatic  Requirements-  Freedom  from  excessive  heat  during  germination  and 

early  grov7ing  periods. 

Water  Requirements-     Plenty  of  moisture,  either  from  irrigation  or 

natural  sources. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  seed  bed:  September  -  April,  plowed,  replowed  and 

worked  into  shape. 

Planting  ; 

Time    :  October  to  May 

Quantity:  12# 

Method  and  Distance:  24  -  36"  rows 

Care  of  Growing  Crop:    Cultivated  4-6  times  at  monthly  intervals. 

Thinned  to  15"  apart  in  rows.  Irrigated 
when  needed-  usually  none  given  to  winter 
plantings.   Spring  plantings  heavily 
irrigated  (S")  in  June  and  August,  or 
lightly  irrigated  (3")  monthly  beginning 
in  June. 

Varieties: 

Mammoth  Long  Red,      One-half  Sugar,    Golder.  Tankard. 

Harvest: 

Time   :  V-lien  wanted  for  stock  feed. 

Method  :  Dug  by  hand  or  plowed  out  as  needed,  hauled  to 

stock  and  fed  tops  and  all, 

Yields- 

Good   :  25  tons 
Usual   :  18  " 

Commercial  Sections- 

Raised  only  for  stock  feed  in  dairy  sections. 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  STOCK  BEETS 

Value  of  Land- 

Kigh O^OO.OO  per  acre 

Low 150.00  " 

Usual   - ■ 250.00 

Cost  0  f  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and   planting- 
Preparing  land 5.00  " 

Cost  of  seed   (  @  Ibci) ■ 1.80         " 

Seeding .25         " 

Cost  of  Growing  the  Crop- 
Cultivation  - 2.00 

Thinning  - S.OC 

Hoeing  — 2.00 

Irrigation 4.00 

Cost  of  Harvesting- 
Plowing  - 2.00 

Pulling  and  loading .30  per  ton 

Hauling  (  l/2  mile) 25 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land 2.50  per  acre 

Good  land -- - —    3,00 

Market  Value  of  Yield - 

(Not  raised  for  sale) 


(Read  Preface) 

REQUIR^wJE^ITS  AND  LIEiT'QDS  OF  GRGV/]:?'!:^  SUGAR  BEETS 

Time  to  Maturity-  200  -  300  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements- 

Surface    :      Strong,    rich,   deep  fertile  loan  beut;  will  -sithstand  con- 
siderable alkali. 
Subsoil    :     Compact  clay,    good  moisture   retainer,     'lo  hardpan. 
Depth        :     Surface   soil  -  4'    or  more 

Will  5ror'  oA'er  a  variety  of   soils.     Light   Goils 
produce   small  tonnage  high  in  sugar,   heavy,   moist 
soil,    heavy  tonnage   lov/  in  sugar. 

Climatic  Requirements- 

70°  average  summer  temperature  -.vith  plenty  of  sunshine.        Gcow  best 

in  cooler  sections  where  moisture  is  plentiful, 
altho  not  hurt     by  frosts.     Hirdy.      In  hot  sections 
planted   early  enough  to  permit  8  leaves  to  develop 
before  hot  v/eather  comes. 

Water  Requirements- 

Amount      :      3'.     Proper  dis-^riVation  of  rainful  or  irrigation  to  provide 

ample  moisture  during  early  stages   of  plant  v/ith 
diminishing  amount?  towards  ripening. 

When  needed:      ?fhen  plants  are    fron  S  leaves  u^:  to  v/ithin  6  weeks  of 

maturity. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed  : 

Fall  Planting   :  Plowed  10  -  14"  deep  in  August  or  September, 

irrigated,  v/orkad  into  shape. 

Spring  Planting:  Plowed  14"  in  November  or  December,  replowed 

in  February.   Worked  into  shape. 


Seeding: 


Time   :  Fall  --  November  1  -  December  1 
Spring-  January  15  -  May  1 


lOfa 


Calendar  of  Operations  (cont,)- 

Seeding  (cent: 

Quantity  of  Seed    :     ISff 

Method  ejTi   Distance:  18  -   29"   rows   'usually  18,    20  or  22") 

Care  of  Growing  Crop: 

Irrigated  two  times   (May  and  June   or  July)    thinned  to 
8  -  12"  apart  T>.'hen  plants  have  4-  6  leaves. 
Cultivated   at  least    four  times  at  10  to  20  day 
intervals,   beginning  in  April.      Hoed  t-ivo  times- 
May  and   July. 

Varieties    : 

Imported   or  domestic  varieties;      seed   sold  by  factory. 


Harvest    : 

'Then 

How 

Tine 


According  to  maturity  of  beets  and  needs   of  mill. 

Loosened  v;ith  plovj ;   pulled,   topped  ard   loaded  by 
hand.      Hauled  by  wagon  direct  to  mill  or  to 
railro  ad , 

August  to  January, 


Yields- 


Good'     ! 
Usual    : 

By-Products- 

Kind 
Amount; 


15  tons 
10       " 


Beet  tops 

Equal  to  ^Oyl  of  yield  as   given. 
Sold    for    feed. 


I'here  and   for  what   sold  : 

Commercial  Sections- 

Alameda       County 
Los  Angeles     " 
Monterey  " 

Orange  " 

Yolo  County 


San  Joaquin  County 
Santa  Barbara  " 
Santa  Clara    " 
Ventura       " 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  SUGAR  BEETS 


Value  of  Land- 


T  J^     "" - 0600.00  per  acre 

„       r - - 150.00 

Usual „-„  „„ 

300,00  " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Preparing  seed  bed  — _ __.  7  on 

Seed    (   15#  e  150) 2   25          " 

Seeding [^^ 

Gro'-ring  the  Crop- 
Irrigating  -   labor     (01  -  4) 3. 00 

Irrigating  -  water     ($2  -  8) 4^00 

Thinning  and   hoeing  tv/ice   (C'5  -  8) -  7^00 

Cultivating  (   4*imes) 2^00 

Harvesting- 
Plowing  out    (C2.50  -  5) _  3^00 

Pulling,   topping  and  loading- 


tt 


II 


10  tons  or  under  (    750  -  01.5O)   —  1.00  per  ton 

10  -  15  tons     (  500  -  01.00) .90    " 

15  tons  and  over  (  500  -  (•  .90)  —  .80    " 

Hauling  (  5  miles) _5q 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 

Average  land 3^00  p^^  ^^^ 

^°°^   land _ 5^QQ 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 

?^^^ - —  7.50  per  ton 

L°^  - - - 4.50 

Av^'^^ge - 5.50 


By-Products- 
Tops 


2,00  per  acre 


110 
(Read  Preface) 

REQUIKEMEl^ITS  AND  METHODS  OF  GROWING  SIVEET  POTATOES 

Time  to  Maturity-     100  -  160  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements-    Warm,  sandy  loam  18"  or  more  in  depth 

Climatic  Requirements-  Plenty  of  heat  and  sunshine,  freedom  from  frost. 

Water  Requirements-     Moist  soil  without  standing  water.  Scarcity  of  water 

desirable , 

Calendar  of  fperations- 

Preparing  Seed  Bed  :  January  -  March,  plowed 

April,  Replowed  and  v,;orked  down. 

Planting  : 

Time      :      April  -  June  15 

Quantity:      7,000  to  14,000   sets.      (500#  seed   or  10,000  sets  on 

average) 

Method  and  Distance:   Set  on  ridges  made  by  plowing  2  furrows  to- 
gether.  Rows  3  -  4\  plants  8  -  15". 

Care  of  Growing  Crop: 

May  ,  Irrigated  at  time  of  setting  out  plants  and  sometimes 

once  or  twice  again  at  3  -  4  v/eeks 
intervals, 

June,  July  and  August,  Cultivated  3  times  at  2  to  3  weeks  intervals 

especially  after  irrigating.  Sometimes 
plowed  after  irrigating. 

Varieties : 

Merced  Sv/eet  Southern  Queen 

California  Yellow       Jersey  Red 

Harvest: 

Time   :  August  -  December 

Method:  Tops  cut  by  hand,  potatoes  plowed  out,  picked  up  by  hand 

and  shipped  in  100ji(^  sacks  or  crates. 
Sometimes  harvested  with  a  potato  machine 
Yields- 

Good   :   7  tons 
Usual  :  3  " 
Commercial  Sections- 

Butte,  Fresno,  Merced,  Orange  and  Stanislaus  Counties. 


1. 1 
COST  OF  PRODUCING  SW£ET  POTATOES 

Value  of  Land- 

High 0350,00  per  acre 

Lor/ - —  100.00 

Usual - 150.00        " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Cultivation  ((;4-  10)   - —       6.00       " 

Plants   -  Home   grov/n 5,00        " 

Purchased 8.00       " 

Planting  (10,000  plants  (  $4-  10) —  5.00 

Irrigation  (wr.ter  and  labor)  3.00   " 

Growing  the  Crop- 
Irrigation  (water  and  labor)  5,00   " 

Cultivation  (  3  times  ©  50)^)  1.50   " 

Harvesting- 
Digging  and  sacking  (10  -  200) .15  per  100# 

Crates .17  each  or  fur- 
nished by 
buyer 

Sacks  ,09  each 

Hauling  (  5  miles)  1.50  per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average  land  1.25  per  acre 

Good  land 1.50 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  - - 7.00  per  100# 

Low -— .50    " 

Average 1.25    " 


I 


(Read  Preface)  Hi:" 

RECUIP-EI.IENTS  ANT)  METHODS  OF  GRO'HIIG  THE  TOLJATO 

Time  to  Maturity-  75  -   140  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirements-   Rich,  v/am,  sandy  loams,  or  Icams  well  drained, 

at  least  4'  in  depth. 

Climatic  Requirements-  No  frost;  v/arm  sunny  '.veather. 

Water  Requirements-  Moderate,  but  soil  must  not  dry  cut.  Over- irrigation 

promotes  tendency  to  disease  and  foliage  instead 
of  fruit.  Often  not  required. 

Calendar  of  Operations- 

Preparing  for  Planting  :  December  -  February,  plowed  8"  deep, 

Replo^ed  6"  and  v/orked  down. 

Planting  : 

For  springs- 
Time   :  February  -  May 

For  fall  crop- 
Time   :   June  and  July 

Quantity  :  900  -  1200  plants 

Method  and  Distance:  In  rows  6'  x  6'  to  7'  x  7' 

Care  of  Growing  Crop-  Cultivated  2-5  times  at  10  -  14  days  intervals, 

beginning  June  1st.  Hoed  once  around  plants 
in  June. 

Varieties:   Stone,  Spark's  Earliana,  Trophy 

Harvest   : 

Tims    :     June   -  until  killing  frosts    (Decerrber  1) 

Method:     Vines  are  picked  over  several  times   (  4  tc   10  days) 
For  Canneries    :     Picked  v.'hen  ripe  and  delivered  in 

60j?  lug  boxes. 
For  Shipping      :     Picked  '^'hen  blushed  and   packed  in  24if 

crates   (  4-  6j^  baskets)   or  30#  lugs, 
Yields- 
Good        :     20  tons 
Usual      :     10     " 

%  oi  Different  Grades-       Canneries  get     10  -  15%  of  crop,   rest  shipped 

to    fresh  markets.      The   shipping  crop  usually 
runs   from  4  tc  6  tons. 

Commercial  Sections- 

Alameda,  Los  Angeles,   Merced,    Orange,    Santa  Clara  and  Sonoma  Counties, 


113 

COST  OF  PRODUCING  THE  TOMATO 

Value  of  Land- 

High $  1000.00  per  acre 

Low - 150.00  " 

Usual --- - 200.00  " 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and   planting- 
Preparing  land  and  marking 5,00         " 

Plants  .«••     Home   gro^vn .50         " 

Purchased 5,00  " 

Planting  — 2.00  " 

Growing  the  Crop- 
Cultivation  2.00    " 

Hoeing  — -     2.00 

Harvest- 
Picking  for  cannery 2,00  per  ton 

Picking    for  shipment 3,00  " 

Hauling  to   cannery  (3  miles)    1.00         " 

Crate,    packing  and   shipping  (        ._X24jf)-_  .25  each 

Lug,     packing  and   shipping     (30#) .20     " 

Taxes  and   Insurance- 
Average   land 4.00  per  acre 

Good  land 7.50  " 

Market  Value  of  Yields- 

For  Cannery   For  Market 
High 8.00      3q!  per  lb. 

Low 6.00       3/40 

Average 7.00      1  1/45^  " 


I 


(Read  Preface) 


lJ> 


REQUIHEIvaJTS   AND  METHODS  OF  GROVaMG  THE  T.'AL^JUT 
Climatic  Requirement s- 

In  General:     Will  not  stand   frost  outside  of  donaant  period  nor  intense 

dry  heat.      Summer  mean  temperature   of  60°  -  80° 

with  warm   fogs  best.  Moderate  temperature  without 
extremes  best. 


Soil  Requirements- 


Surface 
Subsoil 
Deoth 


Fairly  heavy,    of  good  water  retaining  capacity. 
Deep,  Y/ell  drained,   heavy,   but  not  impervious. 
10*    or  more. 


Water  Requireraents- 


Amount  must  be   uniform  and   abundant.     Usually  15 
applied    from  May  to  September, ig  practice. 


30" 


Setting  Out  and  Caring;  for  Orchards  to  Maturity- 


Distance  Apart  of  Trees  ; 
Average  Number  per  Acre  ; 
Time  of  Planting  Out  ; 
Age  to  Self-Sustaining  Crop; 
Age  to  Maturity  ; 

Most  Popular  Varieties     ; 


50'  X  50'  or  60'  x  60'  with  interplants. 
12  or  17 
March 
8  years 
20  years 

Eureka,  Franquette,  Mayette  (for  North 
and  Central)  Placentia  (for  South) 
Estimated  50  years. 


Irrip-ation 


Length  of  Profitable  Life 

Calendar  of  Operations  to  Maturity: 

To  keep  constant  moisture  supply  available  all 

year  round.  This  means  irrigating 
every  6  to  8  weeks  from  April  to 
November  while  trees  are  small.  In 
favorable  localities  grovm  without 
irrigation. 

Done  only  to  remove  cross  and  lower  liubs  and  to 
shape  tree.  Done  in  winter. 

None,  except  for  companion  crops. 

Usually  not  required. 

Usually  such  as  is  required  by  companion  crops. 


Pruning 

Fertilizing 

Spraying 

Cultivating 


Companion  Cropping   :  Interplant  with   figs,    peaches,    grapes,    or 

berries,  alfalfa,  or  beans,  if  water 
and  fertility  is  available.  Can  be 
practiced    ."or  7  or  3  years. 


Caring  for  Bearing;  Orchard s- 

Calendar  of  Operations  : 

Irrigation   :  Irrigated  in  May  to  September,  v/ith  an  occasional 

late  fall  applica.tion  (November) 

Pruning     :  Open  heads  following  harvest,  and  cut  out  cross, 

low  or  broken  limbs. 

Fertilizing  :  Cover  crop  of  vetch  or  Melilotus  clover  (October 

-December)   after  nuts  are  gathered. 

Cultivation  :  Not  of  first  importance.  Plo'ved  in  Februari''  or 

March,  harrowed  and  cultivated.  Cultivated 
every  3  to  6  weeks. 

Spraying    :  Usually  not  required. 
Harvest» 

Time   :   September  and  October, 

Method  :  Picked  from  ground  after  fall  naturally  or  shaken  off  with 
.  .     hooked  poles. 

Preparing  for  Market:  Vfeshed,  dried,  graded,  bleached, 
jo  di     Different  Grades-  (variable) 

#1  -   50  -  85f, 

#2  -   40  -  10 

Culls-  10-5 

Yield 5- 

Good   :  1500# 
Usual  :   300# 

Commercial  Sections- 

Los  Angeles  County        San  Luis  Obispo  County 
Orange       "  Santa  Barbara     " 

San  Joaquin   "  Ventura  " 


115 
COST  0?  PRODUCINO  THE  WALNUT 

Value   of  Land- 

Raw  land- 
High  (v/i-th  -;ater)    - -- ;;1200.00  per  acre 

Low                "                - 250.00 

Usual            "                 -  — 400.00          " 

Developed  Orchards- 
High  producing  2000.00         " 

Usual            "         1000.00         " 

Cost  of  Establishing  Orchards- 
Clearing,    grading  and  leveling  land   for  alanting 

(OlO  -  30)    - —  20.00 

Trees - -- - 18.00 

Setting  out     4.00          " 

Annual  Cost    fron  Setting  Out  to  Self-Susxaining  Age- 

Iteras  usually  borne  by  intercrops, 

Othen.vise  annual  cost    is 30.00          "     if 

irrigated 

Annual  Upkeep  after  Maturity- 
Fertilizer  and  manure 25.00    " 

Cover  crop — 5.00    " 

Plowing  and  cultivating 8.00         " 

Irrigation 4.00         " 

Water  — 12.00          " 

Pruning —  3.00          " 

Cost  of  Harvest- 
Picking  18.00  per  ton 

Drying 2.00          " 

Hauling   (    5  miles)    1.00          " 

Processing  at   Station   5. 00          " 

Selling - -- 20.00          " 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High     -- .16  1/20  per  lb. 

Culls -  .08  per  lb. 

Low —  .10 

Culls .05 

Average .12         " 

Culls .07 

Taxes   and   Insurance-   After  Maturity - 

Average   lajid 10,00  per  acre 

Good   land 15.00          " 


(Read  Preface)  117 

REQUIREi'flL'MTS  AlIT   iJtETI-iC'PS  OF  GROV/ING  WHEAT 

Time  to  Maturity-  120  -   130  days 

Life-  Annual 

Soil  Requirerr.ents- 

Surface  ;  Heavier  soil  types  24"  in  depth,  presence  of  organic  iratter, 
less  than  .25  of  \%  alkali  (Same  as  barley,  but  requires 
more  organic  natter) 

Climatic  Requirements- 

Vi/heat  will  withstand   less  heat  than  barley,    otheiwise  conditions  are 
about  the   same. 

V/ater  Requirements   and    Irripation- 

Requires  more  moisture  than  barley.     30"   optimum.     Only  4.7^  of 
acreage   irrigated. 

Calendar  of  Qperations- 

Preparing  Seed   Bed    :     November  -   February  plo?;ed  4  -   8"  deep.      Disked 

or  harrowed  before   planting. 

Planting   : 

Time   ;  October  1  to  February  1 

Quantity:  90#  -  110#  broadcast 
45#  -  .100)(^  drilled 

Method  and  Distance:  Broadcasted  and  harrowed  in  or  drilled. 

Varieties :         . 

'ti/hite  Australian  (Blue  stem) 

Club 

Sonora 

Gal gal 0 

Defiance 

Harvest    : 

When      :      Juno  15  -   September  1st. 

How        :      By  heading  in   fog  belts, 
3y  combines   in  valley. 
By  Diners    in   special   sections. 


Ill- 


Harvest    (cont.) 


Operations:      Threshed  either    from  shock  by  stationary  outfit 
or  in  combined  harvester. 


Yield- 


Good      : 
Usual    ; 

Irrieated 
1200# 

1000# 

Dry  Fanned 
600# 

500# 

Bv-Products- 

Kind   :  Stubble 

Amount  r  Depends  on  amount  of  lodging  and  kind  of  harvest, 

llUhere  and  for  what  sold:  Sold  or  used  for  feed  O  250  per 

acre  (range  100  to  Ol.OO)* 

Commercial  Sections- 

Madera  County 

Monterey  " 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 


I.;- 


COST  OF  PRODUCING  FriSAT 


Value  of  Land- 


High  - 
Low  -- 
Usual 


Irrigated  Lands 

Dry  Farmed 

0250.00  per  acre 

060.00 

40.00 

20.00 

100.00 

30.00 

Cost  of  the  Crop- 
Preparing  land  and  planting- 
Summer  falloi-;  (ready  for  seed) 2.50 

Plowing 1.75 

Harrowing  before  seeding •  .25 

Seed  (  O  1  l/3^  s  Ol. 00-2. 00) 1.50 

Treating  seed .04 

Broadcasting  ,15 

Harrov/ing  after  seeding .35 

Harvesting- 
Combined  harvester   (10  sacks   or  less 

11-20   "     or  more 
Over  20  sacks    ) 

Sacks   

Twine   

Hauling  (10  miles)  l.CO  per  ton 

Taxes  and  Insurance- 
Average,  land  1.00  per  acre      30(i 

Good  land 1.50  40Qf 

Market  Value  of  Yield- 
High  l.'^S  per  cwt. 

L0-.7 — 1.40    " 

Average 1.50    " 


1 

.50 

ti 

2 

.50 

II 

3 

.50   .. 

II 

.08  pe 

r  sac 

k 

.003    _ 

II 

lk;C 


WORK  CAPACITY  OF  ¥P3M  :,!ACHIMES 


NOTE 


Work  capacity  varies  through  wide  limits,  on  account  of  soil  and 
crop  conditions,  speed  and  staniina  of  horses,  size  and  shape  of  fields,  con- 
dition of  machine,  ana  experience  and  intelligence  of  operator.  These  figures 
are  for  maximum  v;ork.  Tne  fig-ares  are  for  a  general  guide  after  deducting 
for  these  items.   These  figures  are  subject  to  a  variation  of  Z0%   either  way 
for  special  conditions  -  good  or  bad. 

The  average  horsb  walks  1  l/2  miles  on  loose  ground  per  hour, 

1  3/4  miles  on  hard  ground  doing  heavy  v/ork,  2  miles  doing  light  v/ork,  and 

2  1/8  miles  on  road. 

For  number  of  men  in  threshing  and  similar  occupations,  see 
"Day's  Work  for  a  Cre^r". 


Kind  of  Machine 

Usual 

Number 

Number        \ 

Acreage 

Size 

Horses 

Men 

Covered 

Required 

Required 

in 
hr 

10- 
.   day 

Bean  Cutter 

2  -   row 

1 

1 

10 

A, 

Broadcasting  barley 

-- 

2 

1 

30 

Binding  small  grain 

5' 

3 

1 

10 

If                           II 

71 

•  4 

1 

15 

II                           II 

8' 

5 

1 

18 

"         corn 

1  -   row 

3 

1 

7 

Cultivating  crops- 

Covering  24"  of  space 

— 

1 

1 

4 

30"       " 

«  « 

1 

1 

5 

If          4211        II 

«,_ 

2 

1 

6 

1/2 

II          48"        " 

-- 

1 

7 

1/2 

66" 

_• 

2 

1 

10 

II          3411        II 

-- 

2 

1 

12 

Cultivating  land   in  preparing 

for  crops 

5' 

5-6 

1 

8 

II                       II  ■ 

6' 

6-8 

1 

10 

Drilling  small  grain 

12  tube 

2 

1 

10 

II                     II 

16       " 

3 

1 

15 

II                    If 

20 

4 

1 

20 

Disk  harrow  (not  lapped) 

4' 

4 

1 

5 

II                    II 

6' 

6 

1 

9 

If                    11 

8' 

8 

1 

14 

Spike  harrow     " 

S' 

2 

1 

12 

II                     II 

16' 

4 

1 

25 

(continued  next  page) 


121 


Table  cont. 


Kind   0  f  Machine 

Usual 
Size 

Number 
Horses 

Number 
Men 

Acreage 
Covered   in 

Required 

Required 

10-  hr 
Day 

Spike  harrow   (not  lapped) 

24' 

6 

1 

45     A. 

II              11            II          It 

ZV 

8 

1 

60 

Spring  Tooth  Harrow  (not  lapped] 

6' 

3 

1 

9 

II                              t1                          II                                             M 

8' 

4 

1 

12 

Heading  small  grain 

10' 

6 

1 

22 

11            11            11 

12' 

6 

1 

26 

Spreading  manure 

75  bu. 

2 

1 

12  loads 

Mowing 
Planking  land 

5' 
6' 

2 
2 

1 

1 

8      A. 
10 

11                11 

12' 

4 

1 

20 

Planting  beets 

4- 

22" 

rows 

2 

1 

12 

"           corn  or  cotton 

1- 

42" 

n 

1 

1 

8 

11                               U                 11                          tl 

2- 

42" 

II 

2 

1 

14 

"            bean3 

4- 

28" 

11 

2 

1 

18 

"            potatoes 

1- 

35" 

11 

2 

1 

6 

II                   11 

2- 

36" 

11 

3 

2 

14 

Plov/ing,  walking  plow 

12" 

2 

1 

1.6 

II                  II 

14" 

3 

1 

2,3 

sulky 

14" 

3-4 

1 

2.5 

-     gang 

2- 

14" 

bottoms  4-6 

1 

5,2 

II                _          '•     . 

2- 

12" 

11 

3-5 

1 

4.0 

11                _          It 

3- 

12" 

1) 

3-8 

1 

6.6 

11                           11 

2- 

8" 

tl 

2-3 

X 

2.8 

II                _          11 

3- 

8" 

II 

3-4 

1 

4.2 

11                _          II 

4- 

8" 

11 

4-6 

1 

5.6 

11                ^          11 

5- 

8" 

II 

6-8 
14-18P 
20-25   '^ 
25-30^^^ 

1 

7.0 

"            engine  gang 
11                       11 

4- 
6- 

14" 

14" 

11 
11 

2 

2 

8 
12 

11                       11 

8- 

14" 

11 

2 

16 

"           deep  tillage 

o_ 

20" 

disk 

3            6 

1 

2.5 

Potato  digger 

1- 

row 

4 

1 

5 

Rake- (self  dump) 

12' 

2 

1 

2f 

Ringrolling 

fi 

6' 
8' 

6 

8 

1 
1 

6 
350  bu.* 

Shredder  and  husker,    corn 

4 

roll 

10-12 

2 

11            11               11            11 

6 

11 

15-20 

2 

600      " 

II            II               II             II 

8 

II 

25 

2 

800      " 

Land   roller 

12' 

4^ 

X- 

20     A. 

:.'Iarking     planting 
drilling  lime 
grilling  fertilizer 

if' 
10' 
10" 

2 
2 
3 

1 
1 
1 

25 
11 
13 

(^)    Horse  pov/er  at  drawbar 

(c 

ontinued  next  page) 

* 

To  change  to  hundredweight:      5 

6^  corn  s 

1  bu. 

60^  wheats  1 

barley  (Cal.)  =  1  bu, 
oats  =  1  bu. 


Table  cont 


1^2 


Kind  0  f  Machine 


',       Usual 

Number 

Number 

.   Acreage 

Size 

Horses 

Men 

Covered   in 

Required 

Required 

10  -  hr. 
Day 

6' 

2 

1 

10  A 

6' 

2 

1 

10 

5' 

4 

1 

1/3 

Tedding  hay 

Weed,  cutting 

Fresno  scrape-  checking  land 


Kind  of 

Machine 

Size 

Horse 
'  Power 

f^mber 

of  Men 

Number 
Revolu- 

1 Capacity 
per 

Required 

to  Op- 

tions 

,   10-  hr. 

erate 

per  mm. 

',  Day 

Ensilage  cutter 

42"    fly 

15- 

20 

1 

_ 

120  tons 

wheel 

II 

36"        " 

12- 

15 

1 

-- 

100     " 

tf 

30" 

8- 

12 

1 

.. 

70.     •* 

Threshing- 

Separator 

(pea  & 

90  bu.* 

bean) 

12" 

2- 

4 

300-350 

II 

11 

20"x32" 

6- 

8 

It 

400 

It 

(wheat) 

18"x36" 

15- 

18 

?            1050-1150 

600 

It 

It 

28"x50" 

30- 

40 

750-   800 

750 

ti 

It 

36"x58" 

50- 

60 

"                1600 

11 

II 

40^'x62" 

60- 

80 

"                 2000 

n 

(oats) 

18"x36" 

15- 

18 

?            ] 

.050-1150       2200 

*  barley) 

n 

tt 

23"x50" 

30- 

40 

7 

750-   800        2750 

It 

II 

36"x58" 

50- 

60 

? 

11                                   ". 

5500 

It 

It 

40"x62" 

60- 

30 

7 

"                3750 

See    footnote,    p.    121 


123 


Rules  for  Determining  Work  of  Implements 
1.  The  daily  duty  per  foot  of  width  is: 
2  acres  for  plows 


1.7 

" 

tr 

spike  tooth  harrows 

1,5 

!f 

II 

spring  "      " 

1.4 

If 

II 

disk   harrows 

1.6 

1! 

II 

drills 

1.6 

" 

11 

mowers 

1.5 

tt 

II 

rakes 

2 

ir 

II 

grain  binders 

2.  Most  usual  width  per  horse  is 


.45'   of  plows 

3.9 

'   spike  tooth  harrows 

2.4 

spring   "     " 

2.4 

'   disk  harrows 

2,4 

•   drills 

2.5 

'   m^owers 

6.0 

'   rakes 

2,0 

'   grain  binders 

A  DAY'S  TORK  FOR  A  MAN 


Beans  — 

Weeding  after  planting — —  5  acres 

Shocking  after  cutting 3  l/S  acres 

Picking 1500# 

Hoeing  and  planting  skips l/2  acre 

Corn — 

Hoeing  standing  corn 1-1  l/2   acres 

Husking         "  "     -   50-  80  bu.    (l  acre) 

Picking         "  ••     70  -  140  bu. 

Planting  by  hand 4-5  acres 

Suckering 2  acres 

Grain  — 

Shocking _ lo  -  14  acres 

Stacking 5-5    " 

Bucking  sacks  behind  harvester- and  placing 

in  field — .  600  per  day  barley 

500  "   "  wheat 

Knapsack  Spraying — 

For  rows  2'  apart 2  acres 

"   "   3«    "  3   IT 

Loading  grain  -  1  man 1  l/2  hrs.  to  8 

ton  load 

Mangel  Wurzels — 

Weeding  and  thinning l/6  acre 

Hoeing ._  1/2   " 

Pulling  and  loading I/4   " 

Milking  and  Caring  for  Dairy  Cows — 

(man  for  each)— 10  -  12  head  per  day 

Milking  only 26  -  30  "     " 

8  _  9  cows  per  hr. 

Planting — 

Setting  out  cabbages I/2  -  1  acre 

"     "   onion  plants l/20     " 

Planting  tomatoes  1200  plants 

Setting  grape  vines-  rooted 200  vines 

"       "    "  -  cuttings 1000  " 

Digging  holes  and  planting  fruit  trees 75  trees 


12; 


Potatoes-- 

Cutting   seed,   by  hand 12  bu. 

"   "  machine 28  " 

Planting  by  hand 2  acres 

Picking  up- 
After  ordinary  plow- 

75  bu,  crop __  eo  bu. 

125  "    "   _-- 75   „ 

200   "    ••  _ 100   " 

After  elevator  digger- 

75  bu.  crop 80  " 

^2^  "    "  - 100  " 

Digging  and   Picking  up  by  Hand   

1  -      125  bu.    30  " 

126  -      200      "      40  •• 

Sau'ing  Wood  — 

2  cuts  per   stick 1   l/2  cords 

(Eastern 

cord) 
3     cuts  per  stick 1 


It 


Seed   Sovdng  by  Wheelbarrow  Sower ig 


acres 


Sheep- 
Caring   for- 

Herding _ 20OO  head 

Dry    feeding 300       " 

Shearing- 

(one  time  a  year)  33  per  day  by  hand 

(tv/ice  a  year)- 75  »   -<  -.  clippers 

(twice  a  year  ) 83  "   "  ""   " 

Shingling- 

Experienced 3000  shingles  (12  bundles) 

Not  experienced 200Q    "     (8    "   ) 

Sugar  Beets- 
Thinning  — 1/2  acre 

Vines — 

Sulphuring  (20#) _ 12  acres 

Tying  young  vines lOOO  vines 

Hops,      Picking     - __   soOj^f 


126 

Sweet  Potatoes— 

^^■^'^"6  : - 10,030  sets 

Digging  by  hand  — -— 3^330  _  g^^Q^^ 

machine   (2  horses,    1  man) 6,000  -  S,000# 

Tiling- 
Digging  3'   ditch __        lOQt 

Laying     4  -   6"  tile —^llll^Zi:^     ig^'.  200O" 

Unloading  grain  at  warehouse _.     2.   30  niin.to  8  ton 

load 
Fruit- 
Picking   up    figs _ __.       gQQ^ 

|]   apples  and  pears  by  day  labor 40  loos  boxes 

"   "  contract 100   "    " 

"   cherries _ jqq^ 

Pruning  young  trees 500  trees 

Propping 75 

^"^^^g^-^i^g - — -    2  -  5  acres 

Picking  prunes -^  ^^^ 

Shaking  trees  and  picking  up  prunes •    4-  5  acres 

Pruning  old  trees  - _ _„.   2C^  25  trees 


A  DAY'S  7:c?.:-:  for  a  crew 


I  ■>', 


Operations 


Baling  hay 


Beans,  weighing  and 
loading  sacks. 

Hauling- 

Hay  to    stack- 
Various  Oorriinodities- 
Distance- 

1  nile 

2 

3 

5 

Potatoes  iroa  field- 
Size  of  load- 
40  bu. 
60  " 
70  " 

Heading- 


Crer 

8  nan  9  horses 

9  "  14   " 


3  men 


1  mail   2  horses 


1  nan   2  horses 


W   men  yf   horses  ^  ^aeons 


ZL. 


18 


Sprauing- 

An  average  crev/  of  4  men 

(1  to   drive  and   run  engine,    2  to 

spray,     '     ito  mix)      and   2  horses 
"rill   spray — 


Amount  D"ne 

35  tons 
60     " 


1,000  sacks 

10-  12  tons  per 
v/agon 


9   loads  in  2  days 

rr  II  "2  " 

5        "  "2  " 

2        "  "1  dav 


225  bu.    per  day 

350      " 

450     "        "        " 


25  -   30  acres  headed 


Stacking  Hay- 


300  trees  if  12'  or  less 

in  height 

175  if  12  -  20« 

125  if  over  20' 

1800  gals. 

#  men 

4   horses 

2 

2 

7  tons 

2 

4 

11   " 

4 

4 

17   " 

4 

6 

21   " 

6 

6 

24   " 

8 

8 

30   •' 

19 

15 

60  " 

Operation  Cviivr  Amount   Done 

Threshing-- 

From  stack- 

P/heat,    oats  and  barley         12  men     6  horses  60,000j^ 

Alfalfa  seed  3,000# 

From  shock- 

\"/heat,  oats  and  barley    20  men  14  horses     IZ  ,0Q0^ 

With  combine-  with  engine  or   26  -  32  horses 

Cut         #  Ken      Croa        yield      ^  ji/'-res 

14»  5..        Barley     12  sacks       35 

20'  5  "         5    "        60 

Corn  for  Silage- 

2  men  will  cut  15  tons  per  day  each 

1  man  with  2  horses,  can  haul  to  silo  8  xo  10  tens  per 

day,  if  haul  is  net  j-reater  than  l/2  mile. 


125 


MUTUAL  MOUNT  OF  WCR.K  REQUIRED  TO  Ck?S  FOR  LIVE  STOCK 


Care  of- 

Man  Viours 

Horse  Hours 

Stallion  or  jack 

150 

10 

Dairy  cow 

150 

20 

Work  horse 

80 

5 

10  cattle 

200 

10 

100  ewes 

50 

3 

10  broods  and  pigs  to 

weaning  time 

300 

50 

10  hogs  (not  brood  sows) 

75 

15 

100  hens 

150 

20 

Raising  200  chicks 

150 

20 

^^0 

COST  OF  3UTI,DING  I.IATERIALS. 

Lumber  prices — 

Oregon  Pine  -  sizes,  1"  x  2"  to  1"  x  12"  inclusive 

Rough  common  -  .'320  per  M  -  8  to  24'  long.  All  specified 
lengths  add  $2. 

Common  permits-  35%  #2;  if  all  §1     add  $2. 

2"  X  3"  to  4"  X  4"  inclusive  4-8'  -  015 

12  &  14» - 18 

to  32' 

9,  10  &  16  20 

3"  X  6"  to  3"  X  10",  4"  X  8",  4"  x  10"      )8'-24' 

2"  X  8"  to  2"  X  12",  3"  xl2",  4"  x  6",4"xl2")  long  -  18 

6"  X  6"  to  12"x  12"  )   8'  -  24'  long 20 


Pine  Flooring 


8'  and  up 6'  and  up 4*  and  up 


#1  #2  #3 


1"  X  3"  042         (?24  018 

1"  X  4"  34  32  22 

1"  X  6"  34  30  22 


Pine  Ceiling  T  i  G,  S  one  side 

6'  and  up  6'  and  up 

#1  #2  #4 

3/8"  X  4"  and  6"     024  $20  013 

1/2"  X  4"  and  6"      27  23  15 

3/4"  X  4"  and  6"      31  27  21 


Pine  Rustic  (Siding) 

#2 
1"  X  6"  -  10  to  24'  .,  §30 
1"  X  8"   -      "  34 

1"  X  10"  -      "  36 


Redffood 

Common  35-/,  #2    ;      if  all  jfl     add      ^Z       per     M 

2"  X  3",    2"   X  4",    2"   X  6",    2"   x  8",    3"   x  6"   —   10   -    20»  019 

2"  xlO",    3"  X  4",    3"  X  8",    3"  xlO",   4"  x  4",  4"  x  8", 

4"  xlO"  ---10  -   20'  21 

6"   X  6"     to   12"   X  12"  24 

1"  X  4",    1"  X  5"  17 

1"  X  8",    1"  X  10"  21 

1"  X  12"  24 

1"     #3  13 

Clears 

1",    2"  X  3"  and  4" 10  -  20'  31 

1",    2"   X  6",    8",    10"  35 

3"  X  4",   4"  X  4"  32 

3"  X   6"   to  3"   X   10"   and   4"   x   6"   xo  4"   x  10"  37 

3"   X  8",    10"   X  10",    12"  x  12"  41 

Redwood  Rustic  Clear  Sap  Clear 

028 
35 
36 


1"  X  6" 

6  -  20' 

032 

1"  X  6" 

It 

37 

1"  X  8"  and 

1"  X  10"  -  6  -20' 

38 

Resawed  Rustic 

to  Bevel  Sidinj^ 

1"  X  4" 

35 

1"  X  6" 

41 

Redwood  Ceilinp 

Under  6" 

31 
37 

6'   to   9' 

1"  X  4"  V  or  Beaded,  SIS         $20  027 

1"  X  6"       "  2.4  30 

1/2"    OS  less  per  M 
5/3"     3  "    "  " 

.Shakes,  redwood  (6  x  36)  #1   019  ^2     (15.00  per  1000  pieces 


Shingles,    "   (4  bndls.  to  lOOO)   #1    2.40 


II 


ftZ  2.00 


Estimating:     In  estimating  allor  lOf,  additional   for  waste, 

1,000   shingles  will  cover  80  sq.    ft.    if   laid  with  4"  exposed  tc   the 
weathpr,    90   sq.    ft.   if  4  l/2  "  to  the  v/eather,  and  100    sq.    ft.   if  5"  is 
exposed. 


14:. 


1,000  shakes  laid  "shake  fashion'"'  (lapping  6"  at  ends  and 
1  l/2"  at  sides)  will  cover  900  square  feet. 

1,00C  shakos  laid "shingle  fashion"  (15"  exposed  -  double  layer) 
v/ill  cover  700  so.uare  feet. 

Corrugated  Galvanized  Iron  for  Roofing- 

#24  gauge   04.00  per  100# 
26   "      3.85   " 

In  lengths-  24"  x  72" 

#24  gauge     r     1.156#  per  sq.    ft. 
26        "         =        .9062 

Costs     4  l/20  per   sq.    ft.      #24 
3   1/20      "        "        "  26 

Miscellaneous  puildine;  Material- 

Barb  wire,    100#     C3.65 

Cement',   100# 1.18 

Fence  wire,    rod   .45 

Linseed  oil,  gal.  1.00 

Nails,  100# 4.34 

Paints,  gal 2.00 

Staples,  100# 4.50 

Steel  wire,  100#  -  — - 4.70 

Well  casing- 

12"  Gauge  14"  Gauge 

10"  1.12  .92 

12  1.27  .99 

14  1.51  1.12 

16  1.80  1.24 


COST  OF  FjyCING 

Cost  of  ?/oven  Wire  Fencing- 

Regular  general  purpose  farm  fence  (hog,  cattle  and  sheep) 
Height        Cost  ver   Rod 


26" 

35ci 

32 

37 

48 

44 

58 

54 

In  woven  wire  fence,  stays  run  verticp.lly,  strands  horii^ontally. 
The  size  of  the  vixre   is  given  in  numbers,  the  higher  the  number  the  smaller 
the  siae  of  the  wire.  Fewer  large  wires  are  preferable  to  many  small. 
Fences  should  be  at  least  ^9  or  10  toe  and  bottom  with  others  of  #11  and 
#12. 

Chicken  Fence  -  (150  linear  feet  in  a  roll)- 


Kesh 

Wire 

1 

Width 

Cost 

per  Sq. 

Ft. 

3/4" 

19 

12  -   48" 

1.80 

1" 

19 

12  -   72 

1.5 

1   1/2" 

19 

12  -   72 

.9 

2" 

19 

12  -   72 

.6 

Chicken  fence  should  be  of  ^18  or  19  wire. 

Cost  of  Barb  Wire- 

03.00  per  105#. 

There  are  about   80   rods  of  barb  v;ire  in  105^  -  hence 
cost   runs  about  3   3/40  per  rod. 

Cost  of  Serviceable  Wire  Gates- 

Walk  gates  range    from     $1.00  to   0  1.75 
Single  drive  gates      "       2.50   "  5,00 

Cost   of   Staples- 

Staples  cost  03.00  per  keg  of  100^.      There  are  80  to 
90  staples  to  the  pound.      It  takes   7  l/2  lbs.    for  100  rods  of  35"    fence 
with  posts  1  rod  apart. 

Cost  of  Posts- 

4"  X   5"  X   7'      =  230  ,  , 

.^,.        r,7  \  ^^^  driving 

~  ^^^  corner  posts  with  bracing; 

6"  X   6"   X    7'      r  45,0 


Kind  of  Fence- 


( Total  cost  and  cost  per  mile  and  per  rod  on  basic 
square  40  acre  fioid .   Redwood  posts  set: 


:  1  red 

apart 

]  :./2 

!  Per 

i  ndle. 

I  Per 

.'  rod 

Per   i 

mile  , 

rod 


wire  with  tem- 
porary posts 

MATERIAL 
LABOR 

TOTAL 



— — •• 

052 
10 

17^ 
3 

045 
8 

140 

3 





062 

20(^ 

053 

170 

3  Strands  barbed 

wire  with  tem- 

MATERIAL 
LABOR 

TOTAL 

076 

14 

4 

064 
11 

200 
3 





porary  pOS-DS 

C90 

28?i 

075 

230 





3  strands  barbed 
wire  per- 
manent posts 

MATERIAL 
LABOR 

0112 
20 

35.?! 
7 

087 

15 

270 
5 

075 
12 

23-^ 

4 

TOTAL 

0132 

42,15 

01O2 

320 

087 

270 

26  Inch  vjoven 

wire  hog 

fence  v/ith 
3  strands 

MATERIAL 
LABOR 

TOTAL 

$225 
23 

7 

1^200 
18 

630 

6 

0187 
15 

580 
5 

barbed  wire- 
permanent 

§248 

77s2{ 

0218 

69(^ 

02O2 

63Qt 

Operation 


(Gates  omitted  in  above) 
Kind  of  Work 


:  #  Man 
:    hrs. 

:  # 

:  Horse 
:hrs^ 

:Work  Done 

20 

20 

200-250 
posts 

20 

2 

80-100  " 

20 

- 

6-10   " 

20 

- 

800  rods 

20 

^ 

200  " 

Fencing 


Driving  3"  temporary  posts 

Digging  post  holes  and    setting 
4"  posts,    2  1/2'   deep 

Di^ig  corner  post  holes, 
setting  and   bracing 

Stretch  and   staple  new  barbed 
wire 

Stretch  and  staple  new  woven  wire 


PRICES  OF  FAKJ  IgLEIJSIJTS 

i  (Note:      Add  l/s  to  costs   of  iirplemerts    for 

1916-1917) 

Walking  plovs- 

10"  single §15 

12"    "   — -_.  18 

24"    "   20 

Breaker  plows- 

12"  single 18 

14"    "   - 22 

16"    "   25 

Side  hill  plov;s- 

10"  single 14 

12"    "   16 


Sulky  plows- 

14"  single 58 

• - 60 


16"    " 


Gang  plows- 

12"  -  with  2  mouldboards 77 

14"  .       "     2              "             .-- _ 81 

12"  -   "  3      "      QO 

12"  _   "  4      "      115 

8"  -   "  4      "      --(Stockton)  45 

Disk  plows- 

24"  with  1  disk 65 

24"   "   2   "  - _._.  82 

24"   "  3    "  — - ___ 96 

24"   "   4   "  - l{2 

24"   "   5   "  125 

(For  26"  and  28"  disks  add  02  and  04 
respectively) 
Harrows- 

Spike  tooth- 

25  tooth,  4  sections 32 

30   "    4     "   36 

Disk- 

8  foot,  15  -  18"  solid  disks 53 

8   "   16  -  18"  cutaway  " 50 

Cultivat£>rs- 

Land— 60 

Crop  -   1   horse . g 

~   2               50 


13o 


Mowing  machine,    5'    cut 0  72 

Horse  rakes- 

8   foot  -   20  teeth  -  1  horse -_  35 

10     "     -  25        "       -  2          " - 42 

Planters- 
Corn     -     2  rov;s,        2  horses .  48 

Bean     -          "                      "            42 

Potato-          "                      "           ]^]_0 

Beet     -     4  ror;s                "           52 

Hay  Derrick- 

14'   mast _  9Q 

Wagons  -   single 82 

"       -    farm  -  average  1  I/2  tons 110 

"       -        "                "2  tons  - 145 

Buggies - _ gg 

Hay  press-      2  horses   (18"  x  22f) 35O 

Manure   spreader  -   2  horses 17q 

Potato  digger,    elevator  type   125 

Seeders- 
Drill  -     15  -   7"  single  disks,   4  horses ISO 

"     -     15  -   7"     double     "                "          - 137 

"     -     10  -    foot   steel  wheels 106 

Broadcasters  20 

Thresher-   grain  -   26"  cylinder,    not  mounted -  350 

Singletrees,   plow  — 5  per  doz. 

Doubletrees,        "     t^q 

Harvesters-   grain  binders,    b'    189 

Com          "              ■•     - __ 200 

Grain  headers,   10'    300 

Fresno  scrapers- 

60"   »•  4  horses- _  21 


n 


Corrugated  iron  rollers,    5'    50 

85 


"  II  It  01 


13' 

COSTS  OF  MISCELLA^JEOUS  EQUIPf^NT 


General  Supplies- 


Brooms -  — — .„._   ^        ^jq 

Coal   oil,    gal.    ^23 

Collars q  QQ 

Grain  sacks gg 

Grindstone _  5*00 

Halters   1*25 

Harness: 

Single -._ __ 20.00 

Double  work   (leather)      45  qo 

"        (chain)          - as.'oo 

Horse  blankets 3  qq 

Lanterns  — - '_'_'.  lioo 

Rope,    heavy  jf 28 

Saddles _ "  ^qIqq 

Salt,  bbl.  2!l5 

Twine,  binder,  # '3^4 

Wheel  barrows 4*50 

^ips  - - ivs 

Spray  and  Fumigating  ijlaterial- 

Bluestone  — ^05   I/4 

Lime,   bbl. o  15 

Potassium  cyanide  § _  ]25 

Sprays,  hand g^SQ 

Sulphur _ \q2   3/4 

Sulphur  acid,  § ]o2 

150  gal.  spray  outfit 2.1^ 

Tools 

Axes -j^  25 

Hatchets *,,c 

Hoes  ',r 

...  ^(35 

l^""^^- — - 1.00 

l^^^"^    -°^^^ - 1.00 

Scythes ^  25 

S^^'°^^ls  "II"  lioo 

Orchard  Equipment 

Pruning  shears,  short  2  50 

:     "    i°"g - -Ill  sioo 

^^^  "- - .50 

Picking  pails  ^25 

Ladders,  per  foot .30 

Drying  trays-  prunes ^35 

"     "  -  apricots ^42 

Lug  boxes  -  40^ |l2 


Dairy  Eouipinent 

Milk  cans-  10  sal a  p  o. 

Milk  pails  — : __ _  '■•'     ^'^^ 

Tin  pails :::::"  ^-^ 

Vi/'ooden  buckets */f» 

Wall        strainer  and  conveyor 10 'oo 

Tube  cooler  — _"  30;^^ 

3  -  H.P.   boiler _ ^oq^Oq 


Bottles,    quart,    per   p;ros3 3* 

"      Dint      "     


pint, 


75 
5.75 


^^If  Pi"-fc  "     5.00 

Separators- 
Capacity  #  per  hr.   135 40. 00 

200 50.*00 

335 60.00 

450 70,00 

675  .-_ 85.00 

900  - 105.00 

1100  --- 120.00 

1350 140.00 


It 

It 
It 
ti 

ir 

n 
It 


For  Dairy  producing  daily      3uy  Separator  Capacity  of 

200#  450#  per  hr. 

500  675 

1000  900 

1500  1100 

(Based  on  comparison  of  man's  time  C  ZOfi   per 
hour  VS.  intereat  e^nd   depreciation  on  differ- 
ent sized  separators)  — 

Bottle  rrasher 5  ig.OO 

Washing  powder,  per  keg - 5,00 

"^P^'  ^^^^- - 10.00 


139 


Cost  of  Concrete  Silos   (Average  of  110  silos) 


(111.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  &  Minn. 


;ost  per  ton  of  capacity- 


Monolithic 


Average  cost-100  tons  or  less 
"  "     100     -     200 

"  "     over  200  tons 

"•     all 


2.89 
2.38 
2.18 
2.30 


Block 


3,52 

2.88 

3.11 


Cost  of  Y/ooden  Silos 


Diameter 


10» 

12 

14 

20 

20 

22 


Height 


26' 

26 

30 

30 

40 

42 


Capacity 


38 

55 

91 

187 

280 

360 


j^  Cows 
will 

feed 
6  mos 


10 
15 
25 
50 
75 
100 


Complete 
cost  in- 
cluding 
plain 
doors 
and  roof 


01V5 
200 
250 
375 
480 
550 


Cost  of 
Founda- 

tion^^^ 


C20 
30 
35 
50 
50 
60 


Tot.il 
Cost 
(Labor 
not 
in- 
cluded 


$195 
230 
285 
425 
530 
610 


(a) 


Foundation  .  figured  ©  07150  per  cubic 
wide   and    18"   high. 


yard   -    for   footing  2' 


140 


ANm>\L  RATE  OF  DEPRECTA7T0N  OF  FAPM  MACHT^JTOY 

Grain  drill--- ._ ^^ 

Threshing  outfit ___j^2 

Com  planters  w 

"       binders -.10 

"   cultivators j 

Mowers  

Hay  rakes - 

Plows  

Wagons  c 

Harrows q 

Manure  spreaders  ^^2 

Harness  , 

Gasoline  engines 7 

The  usual  general  rate  for  depreciation 
is  10^. 


from  which  itwaspuM^^:; 


SRLF 


Rfcn  iipf  eff^f^ 


fwEEK    N  30  1993 
DC!   0  3  1S37 


UKIVERSITY  OF  Ci 


♦SOOA 

A21far   K^^xs  " 


*S561 

A21far 

1915 


D  000  511  008  5 


*"   ^ 


i 


r 


